A Study on The Effect of Pension Credit on Insured Period of The National Pension
- Focused on The number of Children and Employment Insurance Status -
The National Pension System of Korea acts the role of primary social safety net as the whole old p...
A Study on The Effect of Pension Credit on Insured Period of The National Pension
- Focused on The number of Children and Employment Insurance Status -
The National Pension System of Korea acts the role of primary social safety net as the whole old people's income guarantee system. However, due to the flexibility of the labor market, the risk of failing to meet the minimum period of the national pension due to the increase in irregular workers and unemployment has increased. In addition, when the public pension system is threatened by the sustainability of the system due to low fertility and aging, the utilization of the credit has become very high, especially in the EU countries. Thus, Korea tried to improve pensionable right and increase amount of pension by introducing the credit in national pension.
However, it is still necessary for the nation to study the policy direction of the credit because the pension system is not yet mature and the credit system is being introduced and implemented recently. In this study, we are going to present a direction for the policy improvement of the pension credit in the national pension scheme.
This study used the data of the Korea Welfare Panel 2011-2016, and the research model 1 examines the effect of the number of children, which is the application criterion of the childbirth credits, on the period of the national pension participation. In addition, the study model 2 examines the effect of the status of the employment insurance, which is the application standard of the unemployment credit, on the period of the national pension participation. As for the research method, the research model 1 has a bipolar pattern and it is analyzed through Robust regression. In addition, the study model 2 is analyzed by Tobit regression because the proportion of the national pension participation period for 2011-2016 is concentrated in only one.
The results of this research model 1 are as follows.
First, since the number of children is more than two, it has a negative effect on the period of the national pension. The reduction in the period of participation in the national pension from the number of children of two or more coincides with the current application of the childbirth credits.
Second, when 12 months, which is the minimum credit recognition period granted to those who have more than 2 children, were given, the period of participation in the national pension was longer than that of 2 children. This confirms that the childbirth credits have a positive impact on the period of participation in the national pension.
Third, the influence of gender on national pension participation period was very significant. As a result of estimating the duration of gender pension according to the number of children, males were about twice as long as females regardless of the number of children. In addition, based on the variables used in research model 1, it was confirmed that the factors influencing the period of national pension participation were education level, presence of children under 6 years of age, and age did not affect the period of participation in the National Pension.
Fourth, using the interaction variables for the number of children by gender, it was confirmed that the effect on the period of the national pension was not influenced by the increase of the number of children. Women, on the other hand, were negatively affected by the increase in the number of children compared to men with zero children.
The results of this research model 2 are as follows.
First, the status of the employment insurance subscription, which is the basis for application of unemployment credit, was confirmed to have an impact on the national pension subscription period, and the continuous subscriber of the employment insurance had a positive effect on the period of the national pension.
Second, among the variables used in the research model 2, age and occupation were found to be factors affecting the period of the national pension subscription. The higher the age, the more stable the period of participation in the national pension. The occupation period was long in the order of managerial, office, profession, production, service sales, and simple labor. However, gender, education level, monthly average income, and workplace size were found to have no effect on the national pension participation period.
Third, the analysis of the impact on the national pension subscription period by using the interaction variables between the employment insurance subscription status and permanent status showed that the status of the employment insurance subscription had a greater impact on the national pension subscription period than the status of regular workers.
The implications and suggestions based on the above findings are as follows.
Based on the results of the impact of application criteria on the national pension subscription period of the research model 1, the following research implications and suggestions are to be made.
First, it is necessary to apply the childbirth credits from one child. The results of this study do not show the effect of the number of children between 0 and 1 on the duration of the National Pension. However, the fact that Korea's childbirth credits contain a policy to encourage childbirth suggests that it is necessary not to use the credit system as complementary in the period of subscription, but to work in a compensatory nature.
Second, consideration should be given to transferring the point of time of admission to the point of occurrence of the act for those who have two or more children. Thus, the minimum period of 12 months, which is the minimum period of recognition, was added to those with two or more children, and the result of the Roberst Regression analysis was that the number of children with two or more children was 0. This shows that the childbirth credit is clearly functioning in expanding the subscription period, so it will shift the timing of accreditation to the time of action to help secure the right to supply and receive women.
Third, it is necessary to consider the introduction of childcare credits. As a result of this study, the gender gap in the period of participation in the national pension was very large. In particular, the interaction variables between gender and number of children showed no impact on the national pension subscription period due to the increase in the number of children for males. On the other hand, women were negatively affected by the increase in the number of children compared to men with no children. In order to secure women's rights, it is necessary to introduce parenting credits.
Based on the results of the impact of the application criteria of the following research models 2 on the national pension subscription period, the following research implications and suggestions will be made.
First, it is necessary to extend the application of unemployment credits to those who are trained in unemployment in the vocational ability development project. As a result of this study, it is found that the employment insurance status has a great influence on the period of the national pension participation. However, targeting only those who are eligible for the employment insurance can not cover more vulnerable workers. Thus, at this point, it would be more likely to cover those vulnerable people who are more likely to expand their scope of unemployment credit from those who receive unemployment benefits to those who are trained in vocational development projects.
Second, it may be necessary to extend the period of unemployment credits to a further 2-3 years. At present, unemployment credits in Korea are narrower than other countries (Kim, Jin-Soo et al., 2015). Therefore, it is possible to obtain the right to receive the right of direct credit only to those who have completed the period of their life up to one year and have completed the National Pension subscription period of 9 years (Kim, Jin-Soo et al., 2015).
Furthermore, the policy implications of the pension system are as follows. Currently, Korea is not a favorable environment to meet the minimum period of 10 years to obtain public pension entitlement. Furthermore, considering the scope of credit systems in Korea, the period of recognition, income from recognition and the timing of recognition, it is judged that there are very few positive effects on the improvement of pension right and supply amount. Therefore, in order for the national pension to function as a guarantee system for the whole nation, it will be necessary to utilize a more diverse and generous credit or to reduce the minimum subscription period.