역할스트레스와 개인 창의성 간의 관계에 대한 실증연구: 창의적 자아효능감과 자기주도성의 매개역할 = An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Role Stress and Personal Creativity: The Mediating Roles of Creative Self-Efficacy and Personal Initiative

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Personal creativity is critically important for organizations seeking to survive and thrive in today`s highly turbulent business environments. Organizations must effectively identify and mobilize the creative resources of their members. When organizational members perceive a work environment that restricts or fails to encourage individual creative expression, a gap may exist between the level of individual creative potential and the actual amount of individual creativity practiced within the organization. In this situation, this paper will examine the impact of role conflict, role ambiguity, creative self-efficacy, and personal initiative on personal creativity. Creative self-efficacy is the subjective belief in one`s personal ability to be creative, that is, a personal assessment of one`s own creative potential. A strong internal belief in one`s ability to successfully engage in creative behaviors is generally considered an important part of the creative process. Personal Initiative refers to behaviors, mainly directed toward work and organizational issues, that are characterized by the following aspects: self-starting, proactive, and persistent in overcoming barriers. Creativity-related creative self-efficacy and personal initiative are critical components to understand motivation that coordinates the relationship between perception and behavior of individual employees. Based on role theory, researchers have focused on role conflict and role ambiguity as the two key ingredients of role stress. Role ambiguity is defined as an evaluation about the lack of salient information needed to perform a role effectively. Role conflict results from two or more sets of incompatible demands involving work-related issues. Employees are usually pursued work-roles more than one in work-focused organization. Too many work-roles and perceived uncertainties at employee`s work can be obstacles to personal creativity. In an analysis of results, while role conflict is not negatively related significantly to creative self-efficacy, role ambiguity is negatively related significantly to creative self-efficacy. While role conflict is significantly related to personal creativity, role ambiguity is negatively related significantly to personal creativity. Creative self-efficacy mediates the relationship among role conflict, role ambiguity, and employee creativity. Personal initiative mediates the relationship between creative self-efficacy and employee creativity. This paper shows that creative self-efficacy and personal initiative are the driving force behind personal creativity. Organizations can get some implications of creative-related role conflict and role ambiguity that employees have experienced. As a result, organizations must not only encourage creativity of employees by greater involvement but also encourage their input towards their-focused own works and tasks. And employees should be developed to pace with the organizational needs and development. Management must enable employees to think of new ideas and practices that promotes personal creativity.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 박경아, "최종사용자의 인터넷과 소셜 네트워크 보안 행동에 대한 실증 연구" 한국정보시스템학회 21 (21): 1-29, 2012

2 이장형, "자기효능감이 모바일 금융 정보 시스템 품질에 미치는 영향" 한국정보시스템학회 20 (20): 103-117, 2011

3 이건창, "네트워크 구조와 조직학습문화, 지식경영참여가 개인창의성 및 성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 실증분석: SI제안팀과 R&D팀의 비교연구" 한국경영정보학회 20 (20): 101-123, 2010

4 이동섭, "긍정심리자본의 선행요인과 결과에 관한 연구" 한국경영학회 39 (39): 1-28, 2010

5 최종률, "관광객 몰입유형에 따른 자아효능감과 관광경험의 구조적 관계 : Experience Sampling Method(ESM)를 적용하여" 경희대학교 대학원 2012

6 주재훈, "고객가치, 공급사슬통합 그리고 기업성과 간의 관계에 대한 연구" 한국정보시스템학회 21 (21): 27-44, 2012

7 이덕로, "개인창의성에 영향을 미치는 변수에 관한 연구* - 창의적 성격, 기술다양성 및 팀 특성의 상호작용효과를 중심으로 -" 한국인적자원관리학회 16 (16): 167-192, 2009

8 Backer, T. E., "Workplace Creativity: Psychological, Environmental, and Organizational Strategies" 5 (5): 439-441, 1992

9 O’Neil, J.W., "Work Stress and Well-Being in the Hotel Industry" 30 : 385-390, 2010

10 Zhou, J., "When Job Dissatisfaction Leads to Creativity: Encouraging the Expression of Voice" 44 (44): 682-696, 2001

11 Shalley, C.E., "What Leaders Need to Know: A Review of Social and Contextual Factors that can Foster or Hinder Creativity" 15 (15): 33-53, 2004

12 Pinto, J.K., "Variations in Critical Success Factors Over the Stages in the Project Life Cycle" 14 (14): 5-18, 1988

13 George, J.M., "Understanding When Bad Moods Foster Creativity and Good Ones do Not: The Role of Context and Clarity of Feelings" 87 (87): 687-697, 2002

14 Phelan, S., "Understanding Creativity in the Workplace: An Examination of Individual Styles and Training in Relation to Creative Confidence and Creative Self-Leadership" 37 (37): 266-281, 2003

15 김유정, "UCC 서비스 참여에서의 사회적 실재감과 감정차원의 중요성에 관한 연구" 한국정보시스템학회 16 (16): 195-221, 2007

16 Rank, J., "Three Avenues for Future Research on Creativity, Innovation, and Initiative" 53 (53): 518-528, 2004

17 Amabile, T. M, "The Social Psychology of Creativity" Springer-Verlag 1983

18 Sherer, M., "The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and Validation" 51 : 663-671, 1982

19 Tierney, P., "The Pygmalion Process and Employee Creativity" 30 (30): 413-432, 2004

20 Bolino, M.C, "The Personal Costs of Citizenship Behavior : The Relationship Between Individual Initiative and Role Overload, Job Stress, and Work-Family Conflict" 90 (90): 740-748, 2005

21 Hartline, M.D, "The Management of Customer-Contact Service Employees: An Empirical Investigation" 60 (60): 52-70, 1996

22 Siegrist, M., "The Influence of Trust and Perceptions of Risks and Benefits on the Acceptance of Gene Technology" 20 (20): 195-203, 2000

23 Carmeli, A., "The Influence of Leaders' and Other Referents' Normative Expectations on Individual Involvement in Creative Work" 18 (18): 35-48, 2007

24 Chong, E, "The Influence of Individual Factors, Supervision and Work Environment on Creative Self-Efficacy" 19 (19): 233-247, 2010

25 Chebat, J.C, "The Impact of Empowerment on Customer Contact Employees' Roles in Service Organizations" 3 (3): 66-81, 2000

26 Shalley, C. E., "The Effects of Personal and Contextual Characteristics on Creativity: Where Should We go from Here?" 30 (30): 933-938, 2004

27 Grant, A.M, "The Dynamics of Proactivity at Work" 28 : 3-34, 2008

28 Churchill, G. A., "The Determinants of Salesperson Performance: A Meta-Analysis" 22 (22): 103-118, 1985

29 Frese, M., "The Concept of Personal Initiative: Operationalization, Reliability and Validity in Two German Samples" 70 (70): 139-161, 1997

30 Saloman, G., "Television is Easy and Print is Tough: The Differential Investment of Mental Effort in Learning as a Function of Perceptions and Attributions" 76 : 647-658, 1984

31 Sherman, J. D., "Technical Supervision and Turnover Among Engineers and Technicians" 14 (14): 411-421, 1989

32 Binnewies, C., "Taking Personal Initiative and Communicating about Ideas: What is Important for the Creative Process and for Idea Creativity?" 16 (16): 432-455, 2007

33 MacKenzie, S. B., "Some Possible Antecedents and Consequences of In-Role and Extra-Role Salesperson Performance" 62 : 87-98, 1998

34 Bandura, A, "Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control" W. H. Freeman and Company 1997

35 Gist, M.E., "Self-Efficacy: A Theoretical Analysis of Its Determinants and Malleability" 17 (17): 183-211, 1992

36 Preacher, K.J., "SPSS and SAS Procedures for Estimating Indirect Effects in Simple Mediation Models" 36 (36): 717-731, 2004

37 Arnold, T., "Role Stressors and Retail Performance: The Role of Perceived Competitive Climate" 85 (85): 194-205, 2009

38 Nygaard, A, "Role Stress and Effectiveness in Horizontal Alliances" 66 (66): 61-82, 2002

39 Jones, M. L., "Role Conflict: Cause of Burnout or Energizer?" 38 (38): 136-141, 1993

40 Lenaghan, J.A., "Role Conflict, Role Balance and Affect: A Model of Well-Being of the Working Student" 9 (9): 88-109, 2007

41 Rizzo, J. R., "Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organization" 15 (15): 150-163, 1970

42 Li, A, "Role Ambiguity and Self-Efficacy: The Moderating Effects of Goal Orientation and Procedural Justice" 73 : 368-375, 2008

43 Beehr, T, "Psychological Stress in the Workplace" Routledge 1995

44 Zhou, Q., "Promoting Creativity at Work: The Role of Problem-Solving Demand" 61 (61): 56-80, 2012

45 Kim, T. Y., "Proactive Personality, Employee Creativity, and Newcomer Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study" 24 : 93-103, 2009

46 Crant, J. M., "Proactive Behavior in Organizations" 26 (26): 435-462, 2000

47 Belschak F.D., "Pro-self, Prosocial and Pro-Organizational Foci of Proactive Behaviour: Differential Antecedents and Consequences" 83 (83): 475-498, 2010

48 Frese, M., "Personal Initiative(PI): An Active Performance Concept for Work in the 21st Century, In Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 23" Elsevier Science 133-187, 2001

49 Singh, J., "Performance and Quality of Frontline Employees in Service Organizations" 64 (64): 25-34, 2000

50 Beehr, T. A., "Perceived Situational Moderators of the Relation Between Subjective Role Ambiguity and Role Strain" 61 (61): 35-40, 1976

51 Kahn, R. L., "Organizational Stress: Studies in Role Conflict and Ambiguity" John Wiley & Sons 1964

52 Podsakoff, P. M., "Organizational Citizenship Behaviors and Managerial Evaluations of Employee Performance : A Review and Suggestions for Future Research, In Research in Personnel Human Resources Management, Vol. 11" 1-40, 1993

53 Isen, A.M, "On the Relationship Between Affect and Creative Problem Solving, In Affect, Creative Experience and Psychological Adjustment" Brunner/Mazel 3-18, 1999

54 Diliello, T. C., "Narrowing the Creativity Gap: The Moderating Effects of Perceived Support for Creativity" 145 (145): 151-172, 2011

55 Hair, J. F., "Multivariate Data Analysis" Pearson 2006

56 Hackman, J. R., "Motivation Through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory" 16 (16): 250-279, 1976

57 Ghafoor, A., "Mediating Role of Creative Self-Efficacy" 5 (5): 11093-11103, 2011

58 Frese, M., "Making Things Happen: Reciprocal Relationships Between Work Characteristics and Personal Initiative in a Four-Wave Longitudinal Structural Equation Model" 92 (92): 1084-1102, 2007

59 Daniels, K., "Linking the Demands Control Support Model to Innovation: The Moderating Role of Personal Initiative on The Generation and Implementation of Ideas" 84 : 581-598, 2011

60 Martinko, M.J., "Learned Helplessness: An Alternative Explanation for Performance Deficits" 7 (7): 195-204, 1982

61 Houghton, J.D., "Leadership Development: The Key to Unlocking Individual Creativity in Organizations" 31 (31): 230-245, 2010

62 Janssen, O., "Job Demands, Perceptions of Effort-Reward Fairness and Innovative Work Behavior" 73 (73): 287-302, 2000

63 Chin, W. W., "Issues and Opinion on Structural Equation Modeling" 22 (22): 52-104, 1998

64 Coleman, V.I., "Investigating the Underlying Structure of the Citizenship Performance Domain" 10 (10): 25-44, 2000

65 Rigopoulou, I., "Information Control, Role Perceptions, and Work Outcomes of Boundary-Spanning Frontline Managers" 65 (65): 626-633, 2012

66 Morris, J. H., "Influence of Organization Structure on Role Conflict and Ambiguity for Three Occupational Groupings" 22 (22): 58-71, 1979

67 Choi, J. N., "Individual and Contextual Predictors of Creative Performance: The Mediating Role of Psychological Processes" 16 (16): 187-199, 2004

68 Wolfradt, U, "Individual Differences in Creativity: Personality, Story Writing, and Hobbies" 15 (15): 297-310, 2001

69 Tang, Y.T, "Impact of Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict on Employee Creativity" 4 (4): 869-881, 2010

70 Dubinsky, A.J., "Impact of Job Characteristics on Retail Salespeople's Reactions to Their Jobs" 60 (60): 35-62, 1984

71 Ajzen, I., "From Intention to Action: A Theory of Planned Behavior, In Action Control: From Cognitions to Behaviors" Springer 1985

72 Barney, C.E., "Flex-Time as a Moderator of the Job Stress-Work Motivation Relationship: A Three Nation Investigation" 39 (39): 487-502, 2010

73 Ford, C.M., "Factors Influencing Creativity in the Domain of Managerial Decision Making" 26 (26): 705-732, 2000

74 Quick, J.C., "Executives: Engines for Positive Stress, In Emotional and Physiological Processes and Positive Intervention Strategies" Elsevier 359-405, 2004

75 Posner, I, "Eustress vs. distress" 2 (2): 10-12, 1981

76 Hon, A. H. Y., "Enhancing Employee Creativity in the Chinese Context: The Self-Concordance Perspective" 30 (30): 375-384, 2011

77 Gong, Y., "Employee Learning Orientation, Transformational Leadership, and Employee Creativity: The Mediating Role of Employee Creative Self-Efficacy" 52 (52): 765-778, 2009

78 Oldham, G.R, "Employee Creativity: Personal and Contextual Actors at Work" 39 (39): 607-634, 1996

79 Dewett, T., "Employee Creativity and the Role of Risk" 7 (7): 257-266, 2004

80 Jex, S.M., "Efficacy Beliefs and Work Stress: An Exploratory" 13 (13): 509-517, 1992

81 Herrmann, D., "Effects of Leadership Style, Creativity Technique and Personal Initiative on Employee Creativity" 2012

82 Bandura, A., "Effect of Perceived Controllability and Performance Standards on Self-Regulation of Complex Decision-Making" 56 (56): 805-814, 1989

83 Karatepe, O. M., "Does Gender Moderate the Effects of Role Stress in Frontline Service Jobs?" 59 (59): 1087-1093, 1093

84 Van Dyne, L., "Differential Effects of Strain on Two Forms of Work Performance: Individual Employee Sales and Creativity" 23 (23): 57-74, 2002

85 George, J. M., "Creativity in Organizations, In Academy of Management annals, Vol. 1" Erlbaum 439-477, 2007

86 Binnewies, C, "Creativity and Innovation at Work: The Role of Work Characteristics and Personal Initiative" 24 (24): 100-105, 2012

87 Tierney, P, "Creative Self-Efficacy: Its Potential Antecedents and Relationship to Creative Performance" 45 (45): 1137-1148, 2002

88 Mathisen, G.E, "Creative Self-Efficacy: An Intervention Study" 48 (48): 21-29, 2009

89 DiLiello, T.C., "Creative Potential and Practiced Creativity: Identifying Untapped Creativity in Organizations" 17 (17): 37-46, 2008

90 Ludwig, A. M., "Creative Achievement and Psychopathology: Comparison Among Professions" 46 (46): 330-356, 1992

91 Mattson, B.M, "Consequences of Role Conflict and Ambiguity Experienced by Retail Salespeople" 55 (55): 70-86, 1979

92 Shin, S. J., "Cognitive Team Diversity and Individual Team Member Creativity: A Cross-Level Interaction" 55 (55): 197-212, 2012

93 Amabile, T.M., "Changes in the Work Environment for Creativity During Downsizing" 42 (42): 630-640, 1999

94 Singh, J., "Boundary Role Ambiguity: Facets, Determinants, and Impacts" 57 (57): 11-13, 1993

95 Amabile, T. M., "Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity" 39 (39): 1154-1184, 1996

96 Judge, T. A., "Are Measures of Self-Esteem, Neuroticism, Locus of Control, and Generalized Self-Efficacy Indicators of a Common Core Construct?" 83 : 693-710, 2002

97 Dubinsky, A.J., "Antecedents of Retail Salesperson Performance: A Path-Analytic Perspective" 14 : 253-268, 1986

98 Fritz, C, "Antecedents of Day-Level Proactive Behavior: A Look at Job Stressors and Positive Affect During the Workday" 35 (35): 94-111, 2009

99 Tierney, P., "An Examination of Leadership and Employee Creativity: The Relevance of Traits and Relationships" 52 : 591-620, 1999

100 Amabile, T. M., "Affect and Creativity at Work" 50 (50): 367-403, 2005

101 Goolsby, J. R., "A Theory of Role Stress in Boundary Spanning Positions of Marketing Organizations" 20 (20): 155-164, 1992

102 Ford, C. M., "A Theory of Individual Creative Action in Multiple Social Domains" 21 (21): 1112-1142, 1996

103 MacKinnon, D. P., "A Simulation Study of Mediated Effect Measures" 30 (30): 41-62, 1995

104 DeShon, R.P., "A Motivated Action Theory Account of Goal Orientation" 90 (90): 1096-1127, 2005

105 Amabile, T. M., "A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations, In Research in Organizational Behavior" JAI Press 123-167, 1988

106 LePine, J. A., "A Meta-Analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor-Hindrance Stressor Framework: An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships among Stressors and Performance" 48 (48): 764-775, 2005

107 Fisher, C.D., "A Meta-Analysis of the Correlates of Role Conflict and Ambiguity" 68 (68): 320-333, 1983

108 Jackson, S.E, "A Meta-Analysis and Conceptual Critique of Research on Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict in Work Settings" 36 (36): 16-78, 1985