「열하일기」에 나타난 중국인 형상 연구 = Research on Chinese Image in the Jehol Diary

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1780年44岁的朴趾源跟随着堂兄朴明源率领的赴清贺乾隆皇帝七十寿宴的使节团来到中国。旅行从5月25日开始，历经三十余站，两千多里路的行程，在同年10月27日结束。回国之后，朴趾源花了四年地时间写下了日记体纪行文，《热河日记》。其内容丰富，包括了各界人士的交流，描绘了当时中国社会、生活各个层面的风貌。《热河日记》是中朝文化交流的结晶，堪称关于18世纪中国情况的“百科全书”。
朴趾源在燕行的过程中对清朝的政治、制度、经济、文化等方面进行了观察与描写。因此，《热河日记》宛如一幅生动的画图，把十八世纪清朝的社会风貌淋漓尽致地展现出来。本文试图重点分析《热河日记》中所表现的中国认识和中国人物形象。朝鲜一直生活在中华文化圈中，长期以来受到儒家思想的影响。自从满清入主中原，朝鲜就以小中华自居，自认为华夏文明之真转移到了朝鲜，视清朝为“夷狄”。面对这样的正统观念，一部分亲自访问过中国的实学家用批判的眼光看了中国跟朝鲜。他们羡慕中国制度先进，经济发达，交通方便等。因此，逐渐主张了北学思想。
除了朝鲜人对中国的认知以外本文还重点分析了《热河日记》中的中国人物形象。分了商人、知识人、少数民族的形象来看当时清朝的统治状况和这些人的对应方式。商人在《热河日记》中又称为儒商。有一定的文化涵养，跟朴趾源主要谈论了当时清朝错误的学习方法，背井离乡从商的原因，商人的苦衷，思念故乡之心，绘画和书法等内容。尽管如此，商人浅薄的文化知识是不能满足朴趾源的求知欲。因此在燕京和热河朴趾源跟知识人进行了较深层次的交流。他们谈论了清朝的文字狱，禁书，制度等方面的问题。此外，朴趾源跟满族、蒙古族等少数民族也进行了交流，并分析了这些人对当时清朝统治的对应方式。
朴趾源通过燕行的机会跟各阶层的中国人进行了交流，并对中国文物、制度有了了解。因此他以批判的角度来看中国跟朝鲜，主张了利用厚生的北学思想。其目的是为了让朝鲜富裕起来，提高百姓的生活水平。这是发自对朝鲜的爱国之心。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In 1780, the 44 year old Piao Zhiyuan came to China with the seventy birthday party of Emperor Qianlong, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, led by the cousin Piao Mingyuan. The journey began in May 25th and lasted for more than thirty stations, and the more than 2000 mile journey ended in October 27th of the same year. After returning home, he wrote a diary book on the basis of his records, and the “Jehol diary”was rich in its content, including the exchange of people from all walks of life,and portrayed the features of all aspects of social life in China at that time. “Jehol diary" is the crystallization of cultural exchanges between China and Korea. It is called “Encyclopedia” about China's situation in eighteenth Century.
In the course of yan's journey, he observed and described the politics, system, economy and culture of the qing dynasty. Therefore, the Jehol diary is like a vivid picture, showing the social features of the 18th century qing dynasty incisively and vividly. This paper tries to focus on the analysis of Chinese knowledge and Chinese characters in the diary of hot river.Korea has always lived in the Chinese cultural circle and has long been influenced by Confucianism. Since the manchu dynasty entered the central plains,Korea has regarded itself as a small Chinese nation, believing that the truth of Chinese civilization had been transferred to Korea and that the qing dynasty was "yi di". Faced with such orthodoxy, some of the practitioners who have visited China in person look critically at China and Korea. They envy China for its advanced system, developed economy and convenient transportation. Therefore, gradually advocated the idea of north learning.
In addition to koreans' cognition of China, this paper also focuses on analyzing the image of Chinese characters in the Jehol diary. The image of merchants, intellectuals and ethnic minorities is divided to see the ruling status of the qing dynasty and their corresponding ways. The merchant is also called the Confucian merchant in the Jehol diary. Have certain cultural self-restraint, with piao toe source mainly talked about the qing dynasty was the wrong method of study, displaced business reasons, the merchant's anguish, hometown, painting and calligraphy, etc.
Nevertheless, the simple cultural knowledge of businessmen cannot satisfy the thirst for knowledge. Therefore, in Yanjing and Rehe plain toe source with the knowledge of a deeper exchange. They talked about the literary prison, the prohibition of books and the system of the qing dynasty. In addition, he also communicated with manchu, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities, and analyzed their corresponding ways to the qing dynasty.
Piao Zhiyuan has communicated with Chinese people in all walks of life through the opportunity of the road, and has gained an understanding of Chinese cultural relics and systems. Therefore, he looked at China and North Korea from a critical point of view, and advocated the idea of “learning North” with great benefits. The purpose is to make Korea richer and raise the living standard of the people. This is the patriotism of Korea.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목 차
• 摘要 Ⅰ
• Abstract II
• 제1장 서 론 1
• 1.1 연구 목적과 범위 1
• 1.2 기존 연구상황 검토 4
• 1.3 연구 방법과 의의 6
• 제2장 18세기 조선의 사회상황과 중·조문화교류 8
• 2.1 18세기 조선사회의 변화 8
• 2.2 중·조 문화교류와 북학론의 대두 10
• 2.3 박지원의 활동과 연행에 임하는 자세 13
• 제3장 《열하일기》에 나타난 중국인식 16
• 3.1 화이론과 존명양이에 대한 비판 16
• 3.2 청나라 수용론과 모순된 태도 19
• 3.3 제일장관론과 이용후생사상 22
• 제4장 《열하일기》에 나타난 중국인 형상 25
• 4.1 청나라 상인의 형상 25
• 4.2 청나라 지식인의 형상 28
• 4.3 청나라 이민족의 형상 33
• 제5장 결 론 35
• 참고문헌 37
• 감사의 말씀 40