제국주의 여행 서사 비판과 교육 : 메리 루이스 프랫의 『제국의 시선』과 자메이카 킨케이드의 『작은 곳』을 중심으로 = Critique and Education of Imperialism in Travel Writing: Reading Mary Louise Pratt’s Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation along with Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article reads Mary Louis Pratt’s Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation and Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place as travel writing critiques. Pratt’s book explores how European imperialism and colonialism join forces with the travel writing from seventeenth to nineteenth century. Pratt asserts travel narrative in these periods provided ‘Europeans at home’ with imperial perspectives. By using ideology critique and discourse analysis, Pratt revives ‘mutual gaze’ between the traveler and the native. Pratt also offers the concept of ‘Contact Zone’ where two different cultures, historically and geographically separated in the past, socially meet, collide and fight without making homogeneous perspectives. Her study is important because it focuses on mutual influence between the ‘center’ and ‘periphery’ from a postcolonial perspective. Jamaica Kincaid, an American novelist from Antigua who writes of diaspora also criticizes the imperial ideology in travel narratives in her genre-bending narrative, A Small Place. While Pratt directly counters ‘Imperial eyes’ and ‘Imperial I’, Kincaid reveals how imperialism and its legacy have had negative influence on Antigua’s everyday lives. Regarding an imperialist as a personal tourist, an “anti-tour guide”, Kincaid/narrator guides ‘you’, especially a white North American or European tourist to see what ‘you’ see as well as what ‘you’ do not see in Antigua. I argue that A Small Place is also an imperialist ideology critique like Pratt’s book. Moreover I argue that Antigua is a Contact zone and A Small Place is a narrative in the Contact Zone. Kincaid has created different kind of tourist guide, travel writing, and ideology critique using a different rhetorical strategy and language use.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 서론 II. 제국의 시선, 여행가의 시선: 메리 루이스 프랫 III. 『작은 곳』의 관광객 IV. 평범함으로의 복귀 V. 나가며 인용문헌

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 정은숙, "카리브지역 관광의 파라다이스 신화를 해체하기: 자메이카 킨케이드의 『작은 섬』" 한국비교문학회 (50) : 389-414, 2010

2 김남혁, "제국주의와 여행서사 - 메리 루이스 프랫의 연구를 중심으로 -" 현대문학이론학회 (60) : 131-161, 2015

3 프랫, 메리 루이스, "제국의 시선 : 여행기와 문화횡단" 현실문화연구 2015

4 박지향, "왜 지금 제국인가" 26 (26): 3-23, 2005

5 Scott, Helen C, "‘Dem tief, dem a dam tief’: Jamaica Kincaid’s Literature of Protest" 25 (25): 977-989, 2002

6 Frederick, Rhonda, "What if You’re an ‘Incredibly Unattractive, Fat, Pastry-like Man?’”: Teaching Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place" 30 (30): 1-18, 2003

7 Fanon, Frantz, "The Wretched of the Earth" Grove P 1963

8 MacCannell, Dean, "The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class" Schocken Books 1989

9 Memmi, Albert, "The Colonizer and the Colonized" Beacon 1985

10 Lorde, Audre, "Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde" The Crossing P 1984

11 Waugh, Alec, "Love and the Caribbean: Tales, Characters and Scenes of the West Indies" Farrar 1959

12 Ferguson, Moira, "Jamaica Kincaid: Where the Land Meets the Body" U. of Virginia P 1996

13 Kincaid, Jamaica, "In history" 20 (20): 1-7, 1997

14 Pratt, Mary Louise, "Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation" Routledge 2008

15 Anderson, Benedict, "Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism" Verso 1984

16 Hardt, Michael, "Empire" Harvard UP 2001

17 McLaren, Peter, "Critical Literacy and Postcolonial Praxis: A Freirian Perspective" 19 (19): 7-27, 1992

18 Macload, Corrina, "Constructing a Nation : Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place" 12 (12): 77-96, 2008

19 Pratt, Mary Louise, "Arts of the Contact Zone" 33-40, 1991

20 Byerman, Keith, "Anger in a Small Place : Jamaica Kincaid’s Cultural Critique of Antigua" 22 (22): 92-93, 1995

21 Gauch, Suzanne, "A Small Place : Some Perspectives on the Ordinary" 25 (25): 910-919, 2002

22 Kincaid, Jamaica, "A Small Place" Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1988