NF3 가스의 국가온실가스 규제 범주 포함에 대한 한국의 입장 모색: 국제규칙의 해석과 국내정책 적용 관점에서 = Exploration of Korea’s national strategic position on including NF3 gas within the scope of national greenhouse gas regulations: Interpreting and applying global rules domestically

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Paris Agreement sets a rule to obligate all parties to submit national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory reports on seven greenhouse gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3. Developing countries are granted flexibility to report at least three gases CO2, CH4, and N2O while the other four gases only need to be reported under specific conditions. Korea, which includes only six GHGs (excluding NF3) in its national legal GHG definitions, has faced difficulty in directly applying the afore-mentioned global rule at the domestic level. Accordingly, this study, considering domestic circumstances in semiconductor and display-related industries, attempts to explore two questions: A) Can the flexibility rule for developing countries be applied to Korea? and B) To what extent can the global rule on reporting seven GHGs be applied to Korea’s domestic policies, including i) the nationally determined contribution (NDC), ii) the national GHG inventory system, and iii) the emission trading system (ETS). The first question is examined through the interpretation of global rules by the country differentiation system under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. The second question is explored through a comparison of policies of developed country parties (Japan, the EU, and the US), other parties (Singapore and Saudi Arabia), and developing country parties (China and Taiwan). The study concludes that Korea’s national negotiation position of “other parties” can allow the flexibility rules to be applied to Korea.
This research also suggests that Korea can include NF3 in the national GHG scope, provided there is a de-linking between Carbon Neutrality Basic Law and Korea-ETS in the short-term.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Lee KM, "[Tech & Biz] Non-memory? System? Foundry?... Confusing terminologies" Chosun Biz

2 Greenpeace, "Why Korean is a climate villain? What is NDC, a national greenhouse gas reduction target?"

3 UNFCCC, "Updated first nationally determined contribution"

4 UNFCCC, "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"

5 Afriat M, "Tokyo: An emissions trading case study"

6 UNFCCC, "The first Biennial Update Report (BUR) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"

7 UNFCCC, "The United States of America nationally determined contribution"

8 UNFCCC, "The People’s Republic of China second biennial update report on climate change"

9 Sun, X., "The Kigali amendment's and China's critical roles in evolving the Montreal Protocol" 33 (33): 2018

10 GIR, "The 2nd comprehensive management plan for national greenhouse gas inventory (2020-2024)"

11 Iordache M, "Temporal evolution of greenhouse gas emissions in European Union(EU-28) : A perspective on Romania" 24 (24): 43-58, 2021

12 GPS, "TOP 15 countries by GDP in 2022"

13 Bae JI, "Supply of semiconductor-specific gas NF3 becomes tight, which gets more serious than in 2015" e4ds News

14 NITE, "Substances under the chemical substances control law: Type II monitoring chemical substances (before amendment in FY 2009)"

15 MOFA, "Submission under the Paris Agreement: The Republic of Korea’s enhanced update of its first nationally determined contribution"

16 EU, "Submission by Germany and the European Commission on behalf of the European Union and its member states"

17 Krasner SD, "Structural causes and regime consequences : Regimes as intervening variables" 36 (36): 185-205, 1982

18 KSIA, "Strategy to promote carbon neutrality in semiconductor industry" Presentation 2024

19 UNFCCC, "Singapore’s second update of its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and accompanyinginformation"

20 UNFCCC, "Singapore’s fourth biennial update report"

21 TEPA, "Republic of China national greenhouse gas inventory report: Report summary"

22 UNFCCC, "Report of the conference of the parties serving as the meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its eighth session, held in Doha from 26 November to 8 December 2012"

23 EPC, "Regulation (EU) 2024/573 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 February 2024 on fluorinated greenhouse gases, amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 and repealing regulation (EU) No 517/2014"

24 Schneider LR, "Perverse incentives under the CDM : An evaluation of HFC-23 destruction projects" 11 (11): 851-864, 2011

25 PSPD, "Partial amendment of the basic act on carbon neutrality and green growth for climate risk response (10 congress members including Congressman Woo Wonshik)"

26 Oh CW, "Paris Agreement Article 13 transparency framework and technology development & transfer support"

27 UN, "Paris Agreement"

28 Russel S, "Nitrogen trifluoride now required in GHG Protocol greenhouse gas emissions inventories"

29 UNdata, "Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) emissions, in kilotonne CO2 equivalent"

30 TEPA, "National inventory report"

31 Media Hyosung, "NF3 which cleans the magic stones of semiconductor"

32 Gas News, "NF3 emerging as the greenhouse gas"

33 Birmpili T, "Montreal Protocol at 30 : The governance structure, the evolution, and the Kigali Amendment" 350 (350): 425-431, 2018

34 UN, "Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change"

35 UNFCCC, "Japan’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)"

36 CIRS, "Japan published the schedule for declaration of new chemical substances in 2024"

37 ICAP, "Japan - Tokyo cap-and-trade program"

38 ICAP, "Japan - Saitama target setting emissions trading system"

39 Finnemore F, "International organizations as teachers of norms : The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and science policy" 47 (47): 565-597, 1993

40 Finnemore M, Sikkink K, "International norm dynamics and political change" 52 (52): 887-917, 1998

41 IGC, "ISO 14064 greenhouse gas emission and removal"

42 de Graaf D, "Hydrofluorocarbon emission reduction: A crucial contribution to climate protection (Scientific Opinion Paper // May 2021)" German Environment Agency

43 Acharya A, "How ideas spread: Whose norms matter? Norm localization and institutional change in Asian regionalism" 58 (58): 239-275, 2004

44 Cortell AP, "How do international institutions matter? The domestic impact of international rules and norms" 40 (40): 451-478, 1996

45 UNFCCC, "Handbook on measurement, reporting and verification for developing country parties"

46 WRI, "Greenhouse Gas Protocol"

47 EPA, "Global Non-co2 greenhouse gas emission projections & marginal abatement cost analysis: Methodology documentation"

48 EPA, "GHG proposed rule - Greenhouse gas proposed rule"

49 WB, "GDP per capital (current US$)"

50 KLIC, "Framework act on low carbon, green growth"

51 KLIC, "Framework act on carbon neutrality and green growth for coping with climate crisis"

52 GIR, "Fourth bienniel update report of the Republic of Korea"

53 PCCNGG, "Formulation of guideline on global project for greenhouse gas mitigation"

54 박힘찬 ; 김상현, "Estimation of Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) emissions and future management strategies in South Korea's semiconductor and display industries" 46 (46): 205-218, 2024

55 KLIC, "Enforcement decree of the act on the allocation and trading of greenhouse gas emission permits"

56 EC, "EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)"

57 Voigt C, "Differentiation in the Paris Agreement" 6 (6): 58-74, 2016

58 UNFCCC, "Decision 18/CMA.1 Modalities, procedures and guidelines for the transparency framework for action and support referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement"

59 Sovacool BK, "Climate change and industrial F-gases : A critical and systematic review of developments, sociotechnical systems and policy options for reducing synthetic greenhouse gas emissions" 141 : 110759-, 2021

60 IPCC, "Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change"

61 UNFCCC, "China’s Achievements, new goals and new measures for nationally determined contributions"

62 ICAP, "China national ETS"

63 IPCC, "Chapter 1: Introduction to the 2006 guidelines"

64 C2ES, "California cap and trade"

65 WSC, "Best practice guidance for semiconductor PFC emission reduction"

66 Tsai WT, "A survey on fluorinated greenhouse gases in Taiwan : Emission trends, regulatory strategies, and abatement technologies" 10 (10): 113-, 2023

67 한택환 ; 임동순, "A comparative study on the F-gas control laws and systems of EU and Korea" 40 (40): 377-410, 2018

68 MOE, "2006 IPCC guideline for the formulation of national GHG inventory"