동북방언 ‘X자/사/다-’류 형용사의 음운론과 형태론 = Phonological & Morphological Study on ‘Xca/sa/ta-’ Adjectives in the Northeast-dialect of Korean

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In the Northeast-dialect of Korean, there are 'Xca-', 'Xsa-', 'Xta-' adjectives which originally had root final consonants /c(=ts)/, /s/, /t/. e.g. 'k’εk’ac-ha-'(clean), 'sant’is-ha-(neat), 'k’otk’ot-ha-'(straight). In the past, these were not neutralized with /s/ or /t/ in front of suff. '-ha-', but /h/ of '-ha-' was deleted. As a result those adjectives were restructured to 'k’εk’aca-', 'sant’isa-', 'k’otk’ota-'. There are four types of 'Xsa-' adjectives. First, adjectives which were formed by combination of the root formative '-cVs-' and suff. '-ha-', and co-exist with adjectives which '-cVk' and suff. '-ha-' combined. In this case, /h/ of '-ha-' was also deleted. The root formatives '-cVs' and '-cVk' were combination of '-cV-' and '-is' or '-ik'. The '-cVs' seems to have appeared later. Second, it was originally the root final consonant /s/. Third, 'the root+-is ha-' adjectives. The 'Xsah-'(occasionally realized as 'Xsaha-', and 'Xsa-') were formed by adding '-□/a ha-' to 'Xsa-'. The 'Xsah-' had more emphasis on meaning than that of the 'Xsa-'. And '-mah' was formed by combining '-im ha-' and '-□/a ha-'. The combination of '-sah-' or '-mah-' and '-ta-' formed suff. '-tasah-', '-tamah-'(very much) corresponding to Central-dialect suff. '-tarah-'. The '-is', '-ik', '-im' which took part in forming the root have the function of nominalization and emphasis.
However, 'Xca-', 'Xsa-', 'Xta-' adjectives have a small number of variations for each class. There are two factors in appearance of these variations. One is the structural factor. For example, by the influence of the highly productive derivation rule 'X-ha-', 'k’εk’aca-'(clean) was reinterpreted as 'k’εk’ac-ha-' and by applying the neutralization rule(changed to /c/, /s/ before suff. 'X-ha-') 'k’εk’ac-ha-' became to 'k’εk’ata-'. The other one is an analogical leveling. As the '-ca', '-sa-', '-ta-' of 'Xca-', 'Xsa-', 'Xta-' are regarded as the same grammatical unit, there appeared the tendency to unify among '-ca', '-sa-', '-ta-'. e.g. 't’ □t’ □ta-'(honorable) was changed to 't’□t’ □sa-'.