The purpose of this study was to 1) compare sensory, nutritional and digestive properties of the Israeli carp Cyprinus carpio muscle (ICM) by size [ normal large (NLF), regular (NRF) and small (NSF) fish], part [ventral (VM) and dorsal (DM) muscle], a...
The purpose of this study was to 1) compare sensory, nutritional and digestive properties of the Israeli carp Cyprinus carpio muscle (ICM) by size [ normal large (NLF), regular (NRF) and small (NSF) fish], part [ventral (VM) and dorsal (DM) muscle], and commercial value [NLF, recessive (RF) or deformed (DF) fish] as a basic research and 2) develop home meal replacements (HMR) such as cookies and vegetable porridge (VP-IS) and sweet pumpkin porridge (SPP-IS) with Israeli carp based on customer trends as applied researches.
The proximate composition of NLF (100 g) was 63.6 g moisture, 16.3 g crude protein, 18.4 g crude lipid, 1.0 g ash, and 0.7 g carbohydrate. NSF, DF, and RF, which generally is low grade fish, demonstrated higher moisture content whereas lower crude protein and crude lipid were found when compared with NRF. The crude lipid content of VM demonstrated much higher fat content than the DM when analyzed by using NRF. Based on the results obtained from electronic tongue, there was no difference in sensory taste values according to the fish size. The DF and RF demonstrated higher sensory taste values than the NLF. In addition, DM demonstrated higher sensory taste values than VM. NSF and DF demonstrated lower odor intensity than the NRF. Similar to the previous results, DM demonstrated higher odor intensity than VM. For muscle color, NSF and DF demonstrated low redness but high whiteness, thereby being generally bright. The enzyme activity of Israeli carp was very low in muscles, while viscera demonstrated relatively higher enzyme activity than muscles. For total amino acid content, NLF and DM demonstrated higher amino acid content than NSF and VM, respectively. NLF had three major amino acids: lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid whereas the others (NSF, VM, DM, DF, and RF) had only two major amino acids: aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Regardless of fish size, part, and commercial value, the mineral content of ICM per 100 g were in the range of 29.3-39.4 mg for calcium, 370.6-484.3 mg for potassium, 6.4-9.6 mg for iron, and 4.2-12.5 mg for zinc. Based on the recommended daily intake or adequate intake for Korean men aged 19-49, mineral content in ICM were 3.7-4.9% for calcium, 10.6-13.8% for potassium, 8.3-12.5% for iron, and 2.3-3.7% for zinc. Based on the results, health functions of ICM can be expected from potassium and iron. Regardless of the fish size, part, and commercial value, fatty acid content of ICM per 100 g was in the range of 8.4-16.0 g. NLF, DF, and VM demonstrated higher fatty acid content than NSF, RF, and DM, respectively. The major fatty acids in all ICM were 16:0 (17.9-20.3%), 18:1n-9 (38.9-46.0%), and 18:2n-6 (13.1-15.3%).
The optimal process for the production of Israeli carp (NLF) cookies was set using the following: optimum heating conditions for paste production, optimum mixing ratio for cookie production, and optimum heating conditions for storability. Israeli carp paste was prepared by removing gills and visceras from Israeli carps (G&G treatment), followed by washing and drying process. The paste was heated in a retort adjusted to 121℃ for 120 min, cooled for 20 minutes, then ground and sieved (no. 10 mesh sieve). The dough was prepared by mixing margarine (21.4%), sugar (13.0%), salt (0.2%), egg yolk (4.8%), Israeli carp paste (22.4%), and wheat flour (weak flour) (22.4%). The dough was molded (diameter 4 cm, thickness 0.8 cm), placed in a freezer (-16.0±2.0℃) for 30 minutes, baked in a oven (160±2℃, 20 min), then cooled at room temperature for 1 hr.
The proximate composition of Israeli carp (NLF) cookie per 100 g prepared under optimal conditions was 4.1 g moisture, 9.7 g crude protein, 29.2 g crude lipid, and 1.4 g ash. In addition calories of Israeli carp cookie per 100 g was 520.0 kcal. Israeli carp cookie demonstrated higher content in all proximate compositions except crude fat when compared to the cookie prepared without Israeli carp (control). In addition, Israeli carp cookie demonstrated lower calories, stronger umami, lower yellowness, and stronger odor than the control whereas no difference was found in lightness and texture values. Results from the sensory evaluation demonstrated that Israeli carp cookies were superior in all items such as taste, color, odor, texture, and overall acceptance to the control. Total amino acid content of Israeli carp cookie per 100 g was 9.46 g, which was higher than the control. The major amino acid in Israeli carp cookie was glutamic acid (26.3%). Mineral content of Israeli carp cookie per 100 g was 216.6 mg calcium, 193.2 mg phosphorus, 170.9 mg potassium, and 18.2 mg magnesium. Israeli carp cookies demonstrated higher levels in all the minerals compared to the control. Fatty acid content of Israeli carp cookie per 100 g was 27.8 g, which was similar to the control. The major fatty acids in Israeli carp cookie were 12:0, 16:0, 18:1n-9, and 18:2n-6, which was identical with the control. Digestibility of Israeli carp cookie per 100 g was 51.3%, which was higher than the control at 20.3%.
The optimal process of preparing porridge with NLF (P-NLF) was proceeded as follows. For vegetable porridge with NLF (VP-NLF), Israeli carp paste (18.0%, w/v), water for processing (60.9%, w/v), rice (glutinous rice: non-glutinous rice=6:4) (9.0%, w/v), vegetables (carrot: zucchini =1:1) (10.8%), garlic powder (1.0%, w/v), and salt (0.3%, w/v) were mixed. For sweet pumpkin porridge with NLF (SPP-NLF), Israeli carp paste (17.8%, w/v), sweet pumpkin puree (26.6%, w/v), water for processing (44.4%, w/v), rice (glutinous rice: non-glutinous rice=6:4) (8.9%, w/v), sugar (2.2%, w/v), and salt (0.1%, w/v) were mixed. Each samples were placed in a container, sealed, and heated (25 min in a retort adjusted to 121°C), then cooled rapidly.
The proximate composition of VP-NLF and SPP-NLF per 100 g were 82.3 g and 77.6 g moisture, 3.9 g and 3.7 g crude protein, and 2.6 g and 2.8 g crude lipid, respectively. Ash content was identical which was 0.9 g for both two type porridge-NLFs. In addition, calories of VP-NLF and SPP-NLF per 100 g were 80.0 kcal and 109.2 kcal, respectively. P-NLF had stronger sourness and umami, but weaker sweetness and bitterness than the commercial porridges (control group). VP-NLF demonstrated lower saltiness than the control group whereas SPP-NLF was within a similar range with the control group. VP-NLF demonstrated lower odor intensity than the control group whereas similar odor intensity was found between commercial sweet pumpkin porridge and SPP-NLF. Both two type porridge-NLFs had Level 3 physical properties for senior-friendly food in texture. Based on the sensory evaluation, the two type porridge-NLFs were either superior in all items (taste, odor, texture, and overall acceptance) than the control group or showed no difference. Total amino acid contents of the VP-NLF and SPP-NLF per 100 g were 3,537.2 mg and 3,329.0 mg, respectively. Both the P-NLF demonstrated higher value than the control group. The major amino acid in all porridges were aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
The mineral content of in VP-NLF and SPP-NLF per 100 g were 114.0 mg and 135.1 mg calcium, 70.3 mg and 101.8 mg phosphorus, and 79.1 mg and 146.3 mg potassium, respectively. All the minerals in SPP-NLF were higher than the control group. However this trend was not found in potassium. For fatty acid content, VP-NLF and SPP-NLF per 100 g contained 2.6 g and 2.4 g, respectively. The major fatty acids for VP-NLF and SPP-NLF were 16:0, 18:1n-9, and 18:2n-6, which was identical with the major fatty acids of the control group. The contents and compositions of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, typical omega-3 fatty acids were 135.4 mg and 5.9% for VP-NLF and 131.1 mg and 5.5% for SPP-NLF, respectively. Digestibility of VP-NLF and SPP-NLF per 100 g were 86.4% and 90.0%, respectively.
Based on the results from the general, sensory, and nutritional properties, it was found that cookies, VP-NLF and SPP-NLF can not only improve protein, lipid, and mineral content but also improve digestibility, thereby proving to be nutritionally significant.