수형자와 교정공무원의 심리 역동적 관계 = The psychologically dynamic relationship between prisoners and correctional officials

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The complains of correctional officials that it is hard to perform the duty due to accuse of prisoners are increased in number. This phenomenon are results from that the human right of prisoner is being increased, At this time, defining the psychologically dynamics relationship between correctional officials and prisoners is useful to correctional administration. The two parts are going toward the common goal of re-socialization. However correctional officials have to control and order prisoner, while prisoners must stay within the influences. Namely, when the officials have power to control prisoners, the goal for re-socialization will be gained. The power is from the five resources; namely, reward, coercion, referents, legitimation, or expert knowledge, However, in the light of current administration, only referent power seems to be influential to prisoners. The correctional officials with it will be models for prisoners, and so are imitated by prisoners which want to correct their criminal behaviors. It is thought that the re-socialization which the administration seeks is definitely depended on prisoners. However most officials distort as they have power which influence to prisoner. For the reason, prisoners respond to such the power with anger, disgust. aggression, etc, In short, the administration system for re-socialization of prisoners have to be changed from the principle that is based on punish and reward to humanistic one which stress the free will of human. However, it is important for correctional officials to realize that the succeeding way for re-socialization of prisoners is to go toward the human free will.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

교도소 내 수형자들의 고발사태로 근무하기 어렵다는 교정공무원들의 불평이 늘어 가고 있다. 이런 현상은 수형자들의 인권신장에 관심이 높아지면서 나타난 결과들이다. 이런 즈음에 수형자와 교도관들의 심리-역동적 관계를 규명해서 양자의 상호 영향을 검토하는 것은 교도행정에 많은 도움을 줄 수 있다고 기대된다. 수형자들을 통제, 지시하는 교정공무원과 그런 힘의 영향을 받는 수형자들은 모두가 재 사회화라는 공동목표를 향해 가고 있다. 그러나 한편은 힘을 행사하고 다른 한편은 힘을 받아 들어야 한다. 그래서 양자 사이에 힘이 존재하지 않는다면, 교도행정은 비효과적일 수밖에 없다. 힘은 보상, 강압, 합법, 참조, 전문성이라는 5 가지 출처에서 비롯된다. 그러나 현재 교정행정체계에서 보면, 교정공무원이 수형자들에게 영향을 미칠 수 있는 힘은 참조적 힘 밖에 없다. 수형자들에게 모범이 되는 교정공무원을 참조해서 자신을 뒤돌아보는 수형자들만이 그 힘의 영향을 받게 된다. 이런 맥락에서 보면, 수형자들의 재사회화는 전적으로 수형자 자신들에게 달려 있는 셈이다. 이런 이유에서 교정공무원이 힘을 가진 양 하며 수형자들에게 영향을 주려 하는 경우에 이들은 노여움과 혐오감을 가지고 공격적으로 대하게 된다. 교도 행정은 수형자들의 재사회화를 위해서 지금까지 수행 해 오던 근본적 틀을 전환해야 한다. 즉, 상과 벌에 의한 교도행정보다는 인본주의에 의한 행정을 실시할 경우에 효과적인 결과를 얻을 수 있다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 홍성열, "집단역학=Introduction to Group Dynamic, Forsyth Donalson(1983)" 서울: 양서원 1991

2 윤진, "사회적 동물=Social Animal(1998)" N;Y: W. H, Freeman and Company;서울: 탐구당 1990

3 홍성열, "범죄행동은 유전적인가=Born to Crime(1983)" Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press;서울: 성원사 1991

4 홍성열, "범죄인의 공통심리" 교정국 2004

5 홍성열, "범죄심리학" 서울: 학지사 2000

6 허주욱, "교정학" 서울: 법문사 2003

7 Hare, R. D, "Violent and aggressive behaviour by criminal psychopaths" 53 : 7-16, 1984

8 Maslow, A. H, "Toward a Psychology of Being (2nd Ed.)" Princeton, N.J.: Wan Nostrand 1968

9 Epstein, S, "The self-esteem revisited: or a theory of a theory" 28 : 404-416, 1973

10 Bingswanger, L, "The existential analysis school of thought:Insaities life-historical phenomenon and as mental disease: the case of Ilse: The case of Ellen West: Anthropological-clinical study. In Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology." N.Y.: Basic Books, Inc. 1958

11 Johnson, E., "The decision to commit a crime: an information processing analysis In The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending" N.Y: Springer-Verlag 39-52, 1986

12 French, J. R. P, "The bases of social power. In Studies in Social Power" Ann Arbor Mich.: Institute for Social Research 1959

13 Kipnis, D, "The Power Holder" Chicago: Univeristy of Chicago 1974

14 Maslow, A. H, "The Farther Reaches of Human Nature" N.Y.:Viking 1971

15 Altman, I, "The Environment and Social Behavior" Monterey,Ca.:Brooks/Cole 1975

16 Boss, M, "The Analysis of Dreams" N.Y.: Philosophical Library 1958

17 Skinner, F. F, "Science and Human Behavior" N. Y.: Free Press 1953

18 Boss, M, "Psychoanalysis and Daseisanalysis" N.Y.: Basic Books, Inc. 1963

19 Bandura, A, "Principles of Behavior Modification" New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston 1969

20 Johnson, M. P, "Power relations and affective style as determinants of confidence in impression formaton in a game situation" 7 : 98-101, 1971

21 Liebert, R. M, "Personality, Strategies and Issues" Homewood Ill.: The Dorsey Press 1982

22 Rogers, C. R, "On Becoming a Person" Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 115-123, 1961

23 Freud, S, "New Introductory Ledctures, In Vol, 22 of The Standrad Edition" London: Hograth 1964

24 Freud, S, "New Introductory Lectures. In Vol. 22 of The Standard Edition" London: Hograth 1933

25 Maslow, A. H, "Motivation and Personality(Rev Ed.)" N.Y: Harper & Row 1970

26 Shoestrom, E. L, "Manual for the Personal Orientation Inventory" San Diego: Edits/Educational & Industrial Testing Service 1974

27 Lefcourt, H. M, "Locus of control: Current trends in theory and research" Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum 1976

28 Phares, E, J, "Locus of control in personality" Morristown, N.J:General Learning Press 1976

29 Lerner, M. J, "Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead" 85 : 1030-1051, 1978

30 Beehr, T. A, "Job Stress, Employee Health and Organizational Effectiveness: A facet analyses, model, and literature review" 50 : 636-699, 1978

31 Sahakian, W. S, "Introduction to the Psychology of Learning" Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Co. 1976

32 Rychlak, J. F, "Introduction to Personality and Psychotherapy: A Theory-Construction Approach" Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company 1981

33 Gunderson, E. K. E, "Individual behavior in confined or isolated groups, In Man in isolation and confinement" Chicago: Aldine

34 Baron, A. R, "Human Aggression" N.Y: Plenum Press 1977

35 Taylor, C. S, "Gang imperialism, In Gang in America" Newbury Park, CA: Sage 103-115, 1990

36 Asch, S. E, "Forming impressions of personality" 41 : 258-290, 1946

37 Arnord, M. B, "Emotion and Personality: Vol. Psychological Aspects" N.Y: Columbia University Press 1960

38 Bartol, C. R, "Criminal Behavior: A Psychological Approach" Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1980

39 Weaver, F. M, "Crime perceptions in an natural setting by expert and novice shoplifters" 48 : 349-359, 1985

40 Roseman, I. J, "Cognitive determinants of emotion, In Review of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol. 5, Emotions, relationships and health" Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 11-36, 1984

41 Steadman, H. J, "Careers of the Criminally Insane" Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books 1974

42 Monte, C. F, "Beneath The Mask: An introduction to theories of personality" N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1980

43 Spence, K. W, "Behavior Theory and Conditioning" N.Y: Yale University Press 1956

44 Skinner, B. F, "Authbiography. In A history of psychology in autobiography" N.Y.:Appleton-Century-Crofts. Smith, C. A, & Lazarus 387-413, 1967

45 Weiner, B, "Attribution, emotion, and action, In Handbook of Motivation & Cognition" N.Y: Guilford Press 281-312, 1986

46 R. S, "Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions" 7 : 233-269, 1993

47 Pretty, G. F, "Affect and the overjustification effect" 46 : 1241-1263, 1984

48 Rimm, D. C, "Abnormal Psychology" N.Y.:Academic Press 1977

49 Rogers, C. R, "A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In Psychology: A Study of a Science, Vol. III, Formations of the Person in the Social Context" N.Y.: McGraw-Hill 1959