미국의 온라인 플랫폼 규제 동향과 시사점 - 미 연방하원 법제사법위원회의 디지털 경쟁 조사를 중심으로 - = Regulatory Trends and Implications of Online Platforms in United States - Focusing on Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets in U.S. House Judiciary Committee -

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 2019년도부터 미국에서 본격적으로 시작된 초거대 온라인 플랫폼에 대한 규제 논의를 다룬다. 특히, 주로 경쟁법적 접근방식을 택하고 있는 미국의 온라인 플랫폼 규제정책 중에서도, 미국 연방하원 법제사법위원회 반독점 소위원회의 「디지털 시장에서의 경쟁에 대한 조사」와 그로부터의 입법적 산출물인 「더 강력한 온라인 경제」패키지 법률안을 주요하게 다루고 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 디지털 경쟁 조사를 중심으로 한 미국의 온라인 플랫폼 규제 논의가 한국에 어떠한 시사점을 주는지 밝히는 것이다(Ⅳ.). 이를 위해, 첫째 미국의 온라인 플랫폼 규제 논의의 맥락으로서 디지털 전환을 이룩하기 위한 디지털 전략과 디지털 정책을 혁신과 국익이라는 가치를 매개로 소개한다. 이때, 디지털 전략과 대외적 디지털 정책이 대내적 디지털 정책인 온라인 플랫폼 규제정책의 프레임워크로 기능한다는 점을 밝힌다(Ⅱ.). 둘째 디지털 경쟁 조사와 그 보고서, 그리고 「더 강력한 온라인 경제」패키지 법률안을 요약하고 소개하여, 현재 미국에서 진행되는 온라인 플랫폼의 규제 동향과 그 전망을 밝힌다(Ⅲ.).
그리하여 미국의 온라인 플랫폼 규제 논의의 시사점은 다음과 같이 제시할 수 있다. 첫째, 경쟁법패러다임의 변화 동향에 대해 응답해야 한다. 경쟁법 패러다임이 변화되어야 함을 주장하는 것이 아니라, 한국에서 온라인 플랫폼 규제를 논의하는 데 있어 경쟁법 패러다임 변화에 관한 논의를 반드시 수반해야 함을 의미한다. 둘째, 한국에서 온라인 플랫폼 규제정책을 수립하는 데 있어서 규제개선과 고품질 규제를 향한 노력을 경주해야 한다. 구체적으로는 공공의 이익이 규제정책에 최종적으로는 포섭되지 않더라도 규제 프로세스에서 고려는 되어야 하며, 또한 규제 프로세스에서 규제자와 피규제자·이해관계자·시민·전문가 간의 적극적 소통이 있어야 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article is dedicated to the regulatory discussion of online platforms in the U.S. Especially it focuses on ‘the Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets’ performed by the Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law of the Committee on the Judiciary, the U.S. House, and ‘A Stronger Online Economy’ legislative package as a legislative output. These are among the regulatory policy of online platform in the U.S. that have mainly taken a competition law approach. The purpose of this article is to ultimately reveal the implications of the regulatory discussion of online platforms in the U.S. for that in South Korea(IV.). For this purpose, first of all, this article introduces digital strategy and digital policy for digital transformation as the context of the regulatory discussion of online platforms in the U.S. through the values of ‘innovation’ and ‘the national interest’. And it uncovers that digital strategy and external digital policy function as a framework of the regulatory discussion of online platforms in the U.S.(II.). Second, this article summarizes and introduces ‘the Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets’, its report, and ‘A Stronger Online Economy’, and reveals the current regulatory trends and prospects of online platforms in the U.S.(Ⅲ.).
Therefore, the implications for the regulatory discussion of online platforms in South Korea are as follows. First, the regulatory discussion of online platforms in South Korea should be responsive to the trends of a change in the competition law paradigm. It does not claim that the competition law paradigm in South Korea must be changed, but it means that the discussion of the competition law paradigm change must be accompanied in the regulatory discussion of online platforms in South Korea. Second, efforts should be made towards a better regulation(regulatory improvement) and high-quality regulation. As part of this effort, in developing the regulations and the regulatory policy on online platforms, the public interests should be considered in the process, even if the public interests are not finally included into the regulations and the regulatory policy. And also, there should be active communications between the regulators and the regulatees-stakeholders-citizens-experts.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 전지은, "포스트 코로나 시대의 디지털 뉴딜 정책 방향을 위한 제언" (48) : 2020

2 정보통신기획평가원, "인공지능 기술청사진(2030)"

3 김현경, "온라인 플랫폼 규제법안에 대한 비판적 고찰 - 「온라인 플랫폼 이용자 보호에 관한 법률안」을 중심으로 -" 법무부 (94) : 137-185, 2021

4 박선주, "스마트 사회 실현을 위한 신 국가정보화전략 분석 ④-미국" 한국정보화진흥원 35 : 2011

5 강구상, "산업간 융⋅복합 시대 미국과 EU의 경쟁정책 분석" 대외경제정책연구원 2020

6 이원석, "미국의 중국견제 패키지법안, 미국혁신경쟁법(USICA)의 주요내용과 시사점" KITA 2021

7 "미국의 대중 기술패권경쟁 정책⋅입법동향과 시사점"

8 장영신, "미국의 경쟁정책 및 플랫폼 독점규제 입법 동향과 시사점" 21 (21): 2021

9 연원호, "미국 바이든 행정부의 대중국 정책 전망과 시사점" 대외경제정책연구원 4 (4): 2021

10 남상준, "디지털 플랫폼 규제 현황 및 전망 – 공정경쟁과 미디어 중심으로-" 한국전자통신연구원 2020

11 이규환, "美 빅테크에 대한 반독점규제 현황 및 파급영향" 한국은행 2021

12 오태현, "美 바이든 행정부의 대유럽 정책과 전망" 4 (4): 2021

13 The European Commission, "What the European Commission does in strategy and policy"

14 Wu, Tim, "The curse of bigness : antitrust in the new gilded age" Columbia Global Reports 2018

15 Glick, Mark, "The Unsound Theory Behind the Consumer(and Total)Welfare Goal in Antitrust" 63 (63): 2018

16 Warren, Samuel D., "The Right to Privacy" 4 (4): 1890

17 Fukuyama, Francis, "The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution" Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2011

18 Boushey, Heather, "The Importance of Competition for the American Economy"

19 Andrews, Kenneth R, "The Concept of Corporate Strategy" IRWIN 1987

20 The White House, "Strategy for American Innovation: Introduction"

21 Chandler, Alfred D., "Strategy and Structure" the MIT Press 1962

22 FCC, "Statement"

23 ABC News, "State of the Union 2011: President Obama’s Full Speech"

24 Khan, Lina M., "SOURCES OF TECH PLATFORM POWER" 2 (2): 2018

25 OECD, "RECOMMENDATION OF THE COUNCIL ON REGULATORY POLICY AND GOVERNANCE"

26 USTR, "Press Release: USTR Announces, and Immediately Suspends, Tariffs in Section 301 Digital Services Taxes Investigations"

27 The White House, "President Donald Trump, National Cyber Strategy"

28 The White House, "President Barack Obama. Issue: Technology"

29 The White House, "President Barack Obama, Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review"

30 The White House, "President Barack Obama, Foreign Policy: The Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative"

31 The White House, "President Barack Obama, Cybersecurity Policy Review: Assuring a Trusted and Resilient Information and Communications Infrastructure"

32 Brandeis, Louis D, "Other People’s Money and How the Bankers Use It" Frederick A. Stokes 1914

33 The White House, "OMB"

34 한국데이터산업진흥원, "OECD 디지털 경제 전망의 주요 내용 및 시사점"

35 PEW Research Center, "Most Americans say social media companies have too much power, influence in politics"

36 Office of Management and Budget, "Managing Information as a Strategic Resource"

37 Mason, Alpheus T., "MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS AND THE CONSTITUTION" 80 (80): 1932

38 Daney, Walter F., "Louis D. Brandeis, Champion of Labor" 6 (6): 1944

39 Naundorf, Stephan, "Legislation in Europe" Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 2017

40 U.S. Department of Justice, News, "Justice Department Sues Monopolist Google For Violating Antitrust Laws"

41 NY Times, "Judge Throws Out 2 Antitrust Cases Against Facebook"

42 Adelstein, Richard P., "Islands of Conscious Power : Louis D. Brandeis and the Modern Corporation" 63 (63): 1989

43 Hovenkamp, Herbert, "Is Antitrust’s Consumer Welfare Principle Imperiled?" 45 (45): 2020

44 "IMF dataset"

45 Crane, Daniel A., "How Much Brandeis Do the Neo-Brandeisians Want?" 64 (64): 2019

46 U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary, Press Release, "House Lawmakers Release Anti-Monopoly Agenda for “A Stronger Online Economy: Opportunity, Innovation, Choice”"

47 U.K. Government HM Treasury, "G7 Finance Ministers Agree Historic Global Tax Agreement"

48 FTC, "FTC Sues Facebook for Illegal Monopolization"

49 Guggenberger, Nikolas, "Essential Platforms" 24 (24): 2021

50 Khan, Lina M., "Editorial : The New Brandeis Movement : America’s Antimonopoly Debate" 9 (9): 2018

51 U.S. Department of State, "Domestic Renewal as a Foreign Policy Priority"

52 "Congressional Research Service, U.S. Role in the World: Background and Issues for Congress" CRS 2021

53 The White House, "Briefing Room: UPDATED FACT SHEET: Bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act"

54 The White House, "Briefing Room: U.S.-EU Summit Statement"

55 The White House, "Briefing Room: The United States, Joined by Allies and Partners, Attributes Malicious Cyber Activity and Irresponsible State Behavior to the People’s Republic of China"

56 The White House, "Briefing Room: Remarks by President Biden on America’s Place in the World"

57 The White House, "Briefing Room: Remarks by President Biden At Signing of An Executive Order Promoting Competition in the American Economy"

58 The White House, "Briefing Room: Remarks by National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan at the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence Global Emerging Technology Summit"

59 The White House, "Briefing Room: FACT SHEET: Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy"

60 The White House, "Briefing Room: FACT SHEET: Executive Order Protecting Americans’ Sensitive Data from Foreign Adversaries"

61 The White House, "Briefing Room: FACT SHEET: Biden Administration and Private Sector Leaders Announce Ambitious Initiatives to Bolster the Nation’s Cybersecurity"

62 The White House, "Briefing Room: Executive Order on Promoting Competition in the American Economy"

63 The White House, "Briefing Room: Executive Order on Improving the Nation’s Cybersecurity"

64 The White House, "Briefing Room: A Letter to Dr. Eric S. Lander, the President’s Science Advisor and nominee as Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy"

65 The European Commission, "Better Regulation: why and how"

66 OECD, "Better Regulation in Europe: United Kingdom" 2010

67 OECD iLibrary, "Better Regulation in Europe"

68 Wiener, Jonathan B., "Better Regulation in Europe" 59 : 2006

69 OECD iLibrary, "Better Policies"

70 The White House, "Archives, Regulatory Planning and Review"

71 Sokol, D. Daniel, "Antitrust’s “Curse of Bigness” Problem" 118 (118): 2020

72 Khan, Lina M., "Amazon’s Antitrust Paradox" 126 (126): 2017

73 Barlow, John P., "A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace"

74 국가과학기술자문회의, "2020년도 기술수준평가 결과(안)"