The purpose of this study is to analyse how North Korean defectors interact with structures through education as social actors who use institutionally provided higher education opportunities to settle as migrants in unfamiliar South Korean society. To...
The purpose of this study is to analyse how North Korean defectors interact with structures through education as social actors who use institutionally provided higher education opportunities to settle as migrants in unfamiliar South Korean society. To this end, this study analyses how North Korean defectors interpret and reconstruct their experiences of obtaining a university degree through the stages of structural conditioning, social interaction, and structural elaboration from the perspective of morphogenesis, and how they reproduce or change structure by accepting or rejecting the pressures of social structure and culture. It also identifies the agency that North Korean defectors manifest in the process of interpreting social situations through reflection, choice of higher education and attainment of a degree. It also identifies how North Korean defectors construct their ontological knowledge about the educational value and social significance of university degrees. This study uses empirical data from interviews with 16 North Korean defectors. The participants included four-year university graduates, four-year university students, students preparing to enter four-year universities, and undecided students to examine the process of accepting or resisting higher education in the process of settling into South Korean society. The analytical process was a case study method based on the stratified ontology of critical realism (real, actual and empirical). In this process, the abstract structures and mechanisms that generate the concrete events and causes of North Korean defectors' experiences of obtaining a university degree were inferred backwards in order to understand the social and educational cultures of North and South Korea as they perceive them, and to explore the mechanisms by which the empirical event of choosing higher education is manifested as an actual event in South Korean society. Retroduction reasoning is a method of reasoning in critical realism that can explain the mechanism of empirical events that generate empirical events. The findings of this study of North Korean defectors' experiences of obtaining a university degree and their resettlement process are as follows. First, the study participants choose university education as a strategy to realise their educational aspirations, which were denied to them in North Korea and during their defection, and to successfully integrate into South Korean society. Educational inequality due to stratification in North Korean society and the loss of educational opportunities due to North Korean defection were objective and structural conditions for the research participants' integration into South Korean society. Another structural condition was the academic meritocracy of South Korean society. Under these conditions, the research participants either accepted or resisted the influence of the social structure in their respective locations. After leaving North Korea, the participants were spatially separated from their existing social relationships and had to adapt to a new social structure, institutions and culture, which formed a new basis for their lives. For them, the South Korean government's institutional support for university enrolment acted as a structural condition for obtaining a university degree, which manifested itself in status-oriented behaviour. For the participants, building educational capital through obtaining a university degree was the basis for starting a new life. In this process, participants reflected on their social context and interests and demonstrated active agency to take control of their lives. Second, the study participants engaged in personal reflection, which is a situational logic of using their resources and choosing opportunities based on their interests in structural situations. In the process of choosing a university, they engaged in communicative reflection, in which they decided on a career path based on the recommendations of others, and autonomous reflection, in which they took the initiative to choose in-seoul and SKY universities in order to compensate for their social position as North Korean defectors. They also engaged in meta-reflection on the choice of higher education in anticipation of a social role in pursuit of better life values. However, there was also a fractured reflection that resisted reality and wanted to stay in the present life. As such, reflection can manifest itself differently depending on the socio-structural conditions faced by the actors, and the reflections of the study participants suggest the possibility of reproducing or changing structures in a meaningful way, depending on the socio-structural conditions in which they are situated and the social trajectories that govern the capital they possess. In addition, the study participants showed high levels of self-reflection and meta-reflexivity in the process of choosing higher education. These findings suggest that participants expressed active agency as actors in the contextual logic of life chances as they entered unpredictable South Korean society. Third, the participants' decision to go to university can be interpreted as a rational choice that takes into account opportunity costs. Just as prestigious universities symbolise competence in Korean society, degrees from In-seoul University and SKY University were status symbols for the participants. This can be seen as a coping strategy to deal with meritocracy. In addition to their personal efforts, the participants also benefited from various institutional supports in Korea, such as special university entrance examinations and the government's tuition fee support system. The process of obtaining a degree by actively using these systems under different constraints showed how the participants actively interacted with the social structure. In this process, the participants' agency in pursuing a university degree was manifested in the following ways: agency as student participants, agency in reconstructing thought systems, agency in choosing to pay opportunity costs, agency as cultural bearers, and agency in shaping identity. These agencies can be interpreted as manifestations of the active agency of research participants to achieve their desired goals. Fourth, the study participants expanded their social relationships based on the relationships they formed during their studies, and these experiences allowed them to form a new value system for their social roles during and after graduation. They formed new role expectations that they should contribute to society beyond simply settling down in Korea. As a result of these influences, rather than accepting the influence of the social structure in their respective positions, the study participants expressed corporate agency, which is the ability to define their capabilities and scope and to strategically select actions to change the environment based on their situational awareness and assessment of the structural conditions. In particular, the participants' corporate agency was expressed in their hierarchical roles within the community and their selfless cooperation for shared values. Based on their roles as club presidents, the participants actively performed their roles by exercising the relational norm of solidarity to help other North Korean refugees, as well as the logic of subsidiarity by actively using their skills to help North Korean university students achieve academic success and social integration. This leadership-based relational meta-reflexivity demonstrated the existence of a relational reality of we-relationship in pursuit of the common good that positively influences the actors in the relationship. As such, corporate agency can contribute to reproducing or changing structures by exercising its power, status, competence, etc. in the process of social interaction to achieve common goals. Furthermore, for the participants in this study, obtaining a degree is seen as a mechanism for forming a sense of belonging and social identity in South Korean society. In this process, as they reflected on their university education experience, they also recreated their committed agency through relational meta-reflexivity internalising values such as commitment to the community as a social being as well as personal growth. Fifth, for the participants, their legal status as university nationals was an institutional safety net that enabled them to establish a foundation for their lives as members of South Korean society and to access higher education. Nevertheless, rather than being recognised as full individuals in the university environment, the participants interacted with the structure as reductive beings who were objectified and fragmented as North Korean defectors. As a result, they experienced a lack of recognition in South Korean society and used the capital of their educational backgrounds to engage in behavioural strategies to counter discrimination stemming from unequal social structures. Considering that the social status of the participants in this study is influenced by the prejudice and discrimination embedded in the structure apart from their agency in the environmental context, it seems necessary to build various supportive environments to alleviate structural inequality. Sixth, the study participants' pursuit of a university degree was aimed at securing socioeconomic status in addition to aspiring to live as an ontologically independent individual. Education and occupation can have important implications for social mobility, and the participants in this study expressed agency in obtaining a degree to expand their career options and secure social status. Unlike migrants who stay in the country to work or study, study participants cannot return home, so achieving socioeconomic status has social significance as a social safety net and an opportunity to integrate into mainstream society. In addition, achieving socioeconomic status can be seen as particularly significant because it involves a dual ethic of responsibility, as they are expected to financially support both their family members living in South Korea and their family members living in North Korea. Ultimately, the acquisition of a job and socioeconomic status can be inferred as the mechanisms through which the empirical event of the study participants obtaining a university degree is manifested in practice. However, the social status of being a North Korean defectors a class ceiling that constrained social mobility. These findings suggest that access to resources and opportunities in the labour market operates in a way that limits access to those with certain qualifications, such as being a member of mainstream society. Therefore, it can be concluded that the research participants faced a dual situation in which they personalised the responsibility of structural inequalities based on educational attainment in the employment process in South Korean society or polarised structural inequalities simultaneously. Taken together, these findings are significant in that they explore the educational value and social significance of North Korean defectors' choice of higher education to settle in unfamiliar South Korean society, revealing their experiences of higher education and their social position in the settlement process. In particular, it is academically significant in that it explores the meaning that North Korean defectors attach to their university degrees from a morphogenetic perspective, which has not been much studied in Korea, in order to interpret their experiences from the perspective of active social agency, in contrast to previous studies that have mainly focused on their academic failure in the context of the increasing number of North Korean defectors entering university.