기후변화대응 에너지 자립형 도시의 계획체계에 관한 연구 = Urban Planning System and Climate Change : In Terms of Energy Self-sufficiency

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Global warming by greenhouse gases, threat of ecosystem by destruction of the environment, and exhaustion of the natural resources are key problems today with many discussion and climate change convention. Led by advanced countries, efforts have been made to reduce greenhouse gases from building unit to urban aspect for applying building and urban planning.
The studies on urban planning for climate change in Korea have been mainly focusing on carbon mitigation and adaptation. But, it is hard to confirm the application and its effect on the complicated relation between urban activity and carbon emission. Apart from climate change, cities confront 21st century energy exhaustion along with the increase of energy consumption and limited fossil energy resources. Accordingly, urban planning must focus on energy perspective to respond climate change and energy problem effectively.

This study aimed to set up energy self-sufficiency urban planning system responding climate change by reducing fossil energy consumption and carbon emission, and to suggest effective application method. This study has 3 levels.

First, it defines energy self-sufficient city responding climate change theoretically.
Second, it set up planning system of Energy Self-sufficient city responding climate change and deduced planning elements.
Third, 3 level analysis was to be carried out to confirm the adaptability of energy self-sufficiency urban planning system. The 1st analysis employed ANP method to check relative importance of planning areas. In the 2nd level, domestic and international case study was carried out to figure out the application status of planning element. And questionnaire survey to specialists were made to figure out the detail availability of the plan in the 3rd level.
The following suggestions were made to introduce effective energy self-sufficiency urban planning system.

① Definition of energy self-sufficiency city responding climate change
Energy self-sufficiency city is for responding climate change and energy problems and defined by integrating climate change city and sustainable energy. Energy self-sufficiency city responding climate change applies self-sufficiency from fossil energy, use of renewable energy, energy reduction and effective use and physical area applies dispersive concentration space structure. It is a city applied by circular metabolism for its resource and energy.
To explain the city’s structure and principle, it is reshaped by energy view of urban circular metabolism. In an urban circular metabolism, it interpreted structural aspects of input, output and consumption in terms of energy to reset Energy Input, Energy Consumption, and Energy Management.
Energy supply means the input, and applies maximization of renewable energy production and transformation to renewable energy. Energy consumption applies effective use of energy and energy resource and restriction of fossil energy use to reduce overall energy consumption. Energy control is a process between input and consumption which is set as energy efficiency by effective management and use of energy and stabilization of energy supply and demand

② Planning system
The structure and principle of energy self-sufficiency responding climate change is defined in an energy aspect, and the relation with physical and environmental urban aspect must be explained. It examined the energy planning in principle and structural aspect, and related urban planning in terms of application to set planning system by considering mutual relation.

Establishment of Planning aspect
Previous studies on sustainable energy were examined in terms of energy, and this study employed Abdeen Mustafa Omer’s “Exergy-based optimal energy model” for its high relevancy with urban planning as it expanded residential environment considering economical and social aspects.
Omer’s “Energy supply”, “Energy values”, Energy constrains, “Energy destruction minimization’ and “Energy uses” was reset as “Energy supply”, “Energy control”, “Energy environment”, “Energy loss” and “Energy demand”.
To figure out urban planning system, it examined previous studies on urban planning responding climate change, and urban planning for energy reduction. The urban planning aspects were described in Land use, Green Transportation, Green·Blue Network, Waste, Green community, Resource Recovery, Energy and Green Building.
It found out complicated interaction between energy aspect and urban aspect and attempted to reset planning aspect of urban level in introducing planning elements for the city

Introduction of Planning elements
To figure out planning elements, it examined previous studies in dividing building and city. In the building, it introduced energy saving building related green home, ZeSH(zero energy solar house and passive house). In a city level, it introduced planning elements from previous studies on energy saving city and climate change responding city.
There are three processes in introducing planning elements. First, it checked relevance with carbon, and removed low relevant planning aspects. Second, it described application of planning elements and effect in terms of energy. Third, it reclassified hierarchy in planning, planning element and specific element by considering energy planning aspects and urban level planning aspects.
Total 102 planning methods were reclassified in 11 planning aspects of Renewable energy (8), Energy recovery (3), Transportation (16), Land use (6), Green community (8), Water(11), Waste(8), Ecosystem(10), Green IT(8), Architecture(17) and Housing(6).
Interview with specialists were carried out to review planning elements and planning system. Through specialist interview, it described the final planning elements into 5 planning aspects of Energy supply, Energy demand, Energy environment, Energy loss and Energy control, into 11 planning section in Renewable energy production, Energy recovery, Landuse, Green community, Microclimate, Water, Waste, Green IT, Architecture and Transportation, and 31 planning elements and 94 detail elements.

③ Availability analysis of planned system
3 level Availability of planning system was analyzed to apply planning system and elements into practice.

Level 1 analysis: relevance of planning section and analysis of relative significance
ANP method was applied to introduce priority of application according to relative significance of planning section. As ANP method has to construct network to show interrelation between elements, 1st questionnaire survey was carried out to figure out interrelation. By considering mutual relevance, it introduced relative significance of planning aspects in the 2nd questionnaire survey by pair comparison between elements.

Level 2 analysis: Analysis of availability of planning element
To figure out availability of planning elements, it analyzed advanced cases domestically and internationally.
Case study aimed to figure out planning elements of normal application, and to understand trend of recent application of planning elements. Accordingly, it was analyzed by dividing into planning cases and implementing cases. Planning cases included Dongtan, Sejong City and Marsdar, and implementing cases included Hammarby, Malm？ and BedZed.

Level 3 analysis: Availability analysis of detail elements
Questionnaire survey to specialists was carried out to understand domestic availability. Detail availability was evaluated by 3-point Likert-type. By dividing new city and existing city, it examined effects of physical and natural environment, and economic technical and social aspects. The evaluated detail elements were to be reflected in the application.

③ Conclusion
Conclusion of level 1 analysis
First, planning aspects have complicated correlation.
As building has relatively high correlation, it has to consider in planning application. Integrated approach method is required for high correlated relationship in the period of planning: between building and Green IT; among Architecture, Landuse, and Transportation; Renewable energy production, Energy recovery, and Waste.
Second, it introduces relative significance with Energy environment(0.291853), Energy demand(0.258706), Energy supply(0.18950), Energy control(0.141945), and Energy loss(0.116997).
Third, the priority according to relative significance in planning section was found in Building (0.190889),
Landuse(0.166998), Renewable energy production (0.111856), Microclimate (0.109447), Network (0.082668), Energy recovery(0.077644), Water (0.075031), Transportation (0.068817), Green IT(0.059277), Waste (0.041966) and Green community (0.015408).
Conclusion in level 2 analysis
First, it was integrated in 31 elements based on previous studies the planning elements applied to the advanced cases analysis included architectural design system, passive system, active system, bicycle/pedestrian system, eco-friendly means of transportation, public transportation system construction, mixed use development, supporting system, housing plan, green space, rainwater harvesting system, water use efficiency, minimization of waste, water recycle for fuel, monitoring, solar PV, solar heat, biomass and waste energy.
Second, planning elements expected to be generalized are railway station sphere, control, smart grid, wind power, fuel cell, waste heat and waste water.

Conclusion in level 3 analysis
First, when availability of detail elements was checked by planning aspect (new city/ existing city) is checked, the availability was found in the order of Energy environment (2.48, 2.25), Energy demand (2.47/2.24), Energy loss (2.38/2.08), Energy control (2.29, 2.04) and Energy supply (2.03/1.82).
Second, when availability of 90 detail elements was analyzed that were introduced by energy self-sufficiency urban planning responding climate change, the grade of availability was confirmed per detail elements. 31 detail elements were evaluated to be excellent and good grades (excellent application, and good application), 54 detail elements had partial availability with revision and modification (modified availability), and 1 element was classified as low availability (support availability).
When it was applied to existing cities, 8 elements were to be excellent and good grades, 69 elements had partial availability with revision and modification, and 4 elements were classified to be support availability grade.
Synthesis of analysis
The followings were found by comparing the 3 level analyses.
First, it expected high effective for active introduction of energy environment that is easy for availability and high relative significance and modification.
Second, relative high relevant building, land use and renewable energy production are high relevance with other planning section. Therefore, it needs prior consideration in the planning.
Third, detail elements that are currently applied or to be applied sooner are classified as priority introduction, priority review and modified review grades. Accordingly, when introducing energy self-sufficiency urban planning responding climate change is made, different grades of detail elements can be set up.

④ Significance of the study and future task
This study aimed to explore the concept of energy self-sufficiency city responding climate change, the set up planning system and analyzing the availability for an efficient application. The significance of the study is as follows.
First, it reset carbon based urban plan into energy perspective.
Second, it raises efficiency as it deals with specific detail elements in planning for its analysis of relative significance, application status, and availability.
Third, it sets up strategic direction to introduce energy self-sufficiency city by classifying detail elements of available possibility into new cities and existing cities.

However, this study is on qualitative analysis and quantitative effect must be considered too. And it ends up with availability evaluation of detail elements, and therefore needs strategic introduction according to classification and detail element characteristics. This study is targeted to generalized domestic cities for energy self-sufficiency urban planning responding climate change, the approach and strategy are required to be specified according to types of application.
Accordingly, it is required to deduce specific strategy according to necessary detail elements in applying the review of quantitative verification. Together with this, it is recommended to carry out a study to construct strategies by types of specialty of targets.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1장 서론 1
• 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 1
• 2. 연구의 범위 및 방법 3
• 2.1 연구의 범위 3
• 2.2 연구의 방법 4
• 3. 선행연구 고찰 및 연구의 차별성 7
• 2장 이론적 고찰 10
• 1. 기후변화와 에너지 10
• 1.1. 기후변화와 온실가스 10
• 1.2. 도시의 에너지 소비 11
• 2. 기후변화 대응형 도시계획의 동향 13
• 2.1. 지속가능한 도시계획의 일반적 동향 13
• 2.2. 기후변화 대응형 도시와 에너지 자립 15
• 3. 기후변화대응 에너지 자립형 도시 18
• 3.1. 개념 정의 18
• 3.1.1. 지속가능한 에너지 18
• 3.1.2. 기후변화대응 에너지 자립형 도시 19
• 3.2. 원리와 구조 20
• 3장 기후변화대응 에너지 자립형 도시의 계획체계:분석의 틀 설정 25
• 1. 계획측면의 설정 25
• 1.1. 에너지계획 차원의 계획측면 25
• 1.2. 도시계획 차원의 계획측면 31
• 1.3. 계획측면의 종합 33
• 2. 계획요소의 도출 42
• 2.1. 건축차원의 계획요소 42
• 2.2. 도시차원의 계획요소 44
• 2.3. 계획요소의 종합 48
• 3. 계획체계의 검토 42
• 3.1. 전문가 인터뷰 42
• 3.2. 계획체계의 종합 44
• 4. 분석의 틀 48
• 4.1. 분석의 체계 48
• 4.2. 분석의 과정 48
• 4.2.1. 1단계 : 계획부문의 상관관계 및 중요도 분석 (ANP기법) 50
• 4.2.2. 2단계 : 계획요소의 적용현황 파악 (사례분석) 54
• 4.2.3. 3단계 : 세부요소의 적용가능성 검토 (3점 척도) 56
• 4장 기후변화대응 에너지 자립형도시의 적용성 분석 58
• 1. 1 단계 : 계획부문의 상대적 중요도 분석 (ANP기법) 58
• 1.1. 계획부문간 상관관계 분석 (1차 설문) 58
• 1.2. 계획부문의 상대적 중요도 분석 (2차 설문) 61
• 1.3. 소결 67
• 1.3.1. 상관관계 67
• 1.3.2. 상대적 중요도 69
• 2. 2 단계 : 계획요소의 적용현황 파악 73
• 2.1. 사례분석 대상지 개요 73
• 2.2. 측면별 분석 76
• 2.3. 소결 90
• 3. 3 단계 : 세부요소의 적용가능성 검토 93
• 3.1. 일반설문의 결과 93
• 3.2. 계획요소 설문의 결과 94
• 3.3. 소결 97
• 3.3.1. 계획체계의 적용가능성 97
• 3.3.2. 세부요소의 적용가능성 99
• 4. 분석의 종합 107
• 4.1. 분석간 비교결론 107
• 4.2. 분석의 종합 113
• 5장 결론 116
• 1. 연구의 요약 116
• 2. 연구의 의의 및 향후 과제 118
• 참고문헌 120
• Abstract 125
• 부 록 134
• 부록1. 세부요소별 적용가능성 평가표 135
• 1-1. 에너지 공급 135
• 1-2. 에너지 환경 136
• 1-3. 에너지 손실 139
• 1-4. 에너지 조절 141
• 1-5. 에너지 수요 142
• 부록2. 세부요소별 적용가능성 등급 종합표 145
• 부록3. 설문지 148
• 3-1. 1차 설문지 (상관관계 분석) 148
• 3-2. 2차 설문지 (ANP기법) 153
• 3-3. 3차 설문지 (적용가능성 평가) 161