Mental workload is the most critical element in the design of new systems or interfaces because it heavily influences the overall performance of operators. Due to its complexity, direct measurement is challenging. Prediction models offer an alternativ...
Mental workload is the most critical element in the design of new systems or interfaces because it heavily influences the overall performance of operators. Due to its complexity, direct measurement is challenging. Prediction models offer an alternative solution, enabling proactive adjustments to interfaces and training procedures before real-world deployment. Despite their advantages, current prediction models may not adequately address all major sources of mental workload. Also, they might fail to capture the impact of time pressure on information processing and workload.
This study proposes a mathematical method for quantitatively computing multiple sources of workload and reflecting the effect of time pressure with a cognitive architecture, Adaptive Control of Thought Rationale (ACT-R). Specifically, mathematical equations were developed to quantify each subscale of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration task load index (NASA-TLX) and the time pressure effect on information processing speed.
The proposed method not only successfully predicts each subscale of the NASA-TLX but also models the change of human performance and workload by time pressure. This study compared predicted values with actual performance times and subjective ratings from the NASA-TLX, gathered from participants in two experiments. The first experiment focused on task-related sources of mental workload using simple laboratory tasks, such as menu selection and visual-manual tasks. The second experiment expanded on the first by considering all sources of mental workload and incorporating the effect of time pressure using the Kanfer-Ackerman Air Traffic Control (KA-ATC) task.
In practical application, the proposed method offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional operator-in-the-loop assessments during the early stages of system design. It uses computer simulation, eliminating the need for prototypes and trained operators. Additionally, the method identifies specific workload bottlenecks within the operator. This allows for targeted interface adjustments. Furthermore, the method meets key criteria for mental workload measures, demonstrating sensitivity, diagnosticity, selectivity, and reliability.