미국 연방의회의 여성대표성 증진 방안 연구: 1917∼2013년까지의 선거경쟁성을 중심으로 = A Study for Enhancing Substantive Women Representation in the U.S. Congress since 1917

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Why in postindustrial advanced democracy such as the U.S., the Congress despite its long years of existence, still remains and almost uncharted territory for women? Although gender quota system is introduced in many countries in the world, the U.S. has never tried to lead speculation on gender quota systems or revision of electoral system for enhancing women representation in the Congress.
Nevertheless, number of women in Congress has in fact increased gradually over the elections. This study aims to find solutions to improve women representation in the U.S. Congress. First, by reviewing personal backgrounds of the women senators as well as the representatives since 1917, what the common characteristics made these women become senators or representatives are examined.
Secondly, in order to find some election strategy for making more women elected, certain politico-institutional variables such as nomination process, incumbency effect, and lack of qualified women candidates are discussed. Finally, this study suggests certain election strategies focusing on ‘women vs. women district’ as well as open seat districts without introducing gender quota systems or proportional representation system.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

미국은 선진민주주의 국가들 중에서 의회 내 여성대표성이 낮은 국가라는 불명예를 안고있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 젠더할당제나 비례대표제를 도입하지 않고도 선거를 거듭해 오면서여성의원의 수가 점진적으로 꾸준히 증가하고 있다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. 이 글의 목표는 여성의원의 수를 증가시키기 위한 제도 도입 없이 점진적으로 그 수가 증가하고 있는 미국의 사례를 통해 어떻게 연방의회의 여성 대표성이 확대될 수 있었는가를 살펴봄으로써 여성후보들의 선거경쟁성 증진을 위한 선거 전략을 모색해보는 것이다. 이글은 첫째 미국이 다른국가들과는 달리 의회 내 여성대표성을 높이기 위한 제도나 정책을 수용하지 않는 이유와 함께 미국 내 여성의 정치참여와 여성 연방의원들의 증가 추이를 살펴보았다. 둘째, 1917년(65회기)∼2013년(113회기)에 이르기까지 미국 연방의회, 상·하원에서 의원직을 경험했던 모든 여성의원들을 대상으로 그들의 배경을 파악함으로써 이들이 의원이 될 수 있었던 요인들을 미시적 차원에서 분석함으로써 미국에서 여성의원이 되기 위한 중요한 조건들은 무엇인가를 파악하고 있다. 셋째, 거시적 차원에서 회기별 또는 선거년도 별 여성의원 비율이 점진적으로 증가될 수 있는 이유가 무엇인가를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 여성의원 진출을 증진시키는 정책없이 그 비율이 증가되는 이유를 파악해 보고, 이를 기초로 연방의회선거에서 여성후보들이성공적인 결과를 얻을 수 있는 전략적 차원의 방안이 제시되고 있다.

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