산림 걷기운동이 50대 여성의 NK세포와 혈중 멜라토닌 농도에 미치는 영향 = The Effects of Forest-Walking Exercise on NK Cells and Blood Melatonin Levels of Women in Their 50s

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 50대(50-59세) 여성을 대상으로 12주간의 산림 걷기운동이 NK세포 수와 혈중 멜라토닌 농도 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 규명하고자 하는데 있다. 본 연구를 위하여 산림 걷기운동과 평지 걷기운동으로 18명의 50대 여성들이 참여하였으며 산림 걷기운동 집단(n=9)과 평지 걷기운동 집단(n=9)으로 구분하여 주 3회, 110분씩 12주간 동안 운동을 실시하였다. 모든 대상자들은 NK세포 수와 혈중 멜라토닌 농도 측정을 위해 운동 12주 전과 후 측정시기(안정시, 90% HRR 운동 후)에 4회 채혈하였으며, 자료처리는 평균과 표준편차를 구한 후 반복측정 이원변량분석을 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 안정시에서 12주간 운동 프로그램 후 높은 운동 강도와 높은 피톤치드 조건의 산림 걷기운동 집단은 안정시 NK세포 수가 유의하게 활성화 되었으나, 낮은 운동 강도와 낮은 피톤치드의 조건인 평지 걷기운동 집단은 안정시 NK세포 수 변화가 없었다. 둘째, 90% HRR 운동에서 12주간 운동 프로그램 후 높은 운동 강도와 높은 피톤치드의 조건인 산림 걷기운동 집단은 혈중 멜라토닌 농도가 활성화되어 유의하게 증가되었으나, 낮은 운동 강도와 낮은 피톤치드의 조건인 평지 걷기운동집단은 90% HRR 운동 후 혈중 멜라토닌 농도 변화가 없었다. 셋째, 운동 강도와 피톤치드의 차이와는 상관없이 모든 집단에서 12주간 운동 프로그램 후 90% HRR 운동에서 NK세포 수가 증가되었고, 안정시에서 혈중 멜라토닌 농도가 증가되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 준 경사도의 높은 운동 강도와 높은 피톤치드 농도의 조건인 산림 걷기 운동이 50대 여성의 NK세포 수와 혈중 멜라토닌 농도 변화에 더 긍정적인 영향을 끼친다고 제안한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study investigated the effect of 12 weeks’ Forest-Walking exercise on NK cells and blood melatonin levels of women in their 50s. 18 women in their 50s participated in this program and were assigned to 2 groups: FWE-G(Forest Walking Exercise Group)(n=9) and GWE-G(Ground Walking Exercise Group)(n=9). The subjects were asked to participate in FWE program or GWE program(3 times/week, 110min/day) for 12 weeks. To measure the number of NK cells and the blood melatonin concentration levels of the subjects, their blood were taken 4 times(at Rest, at 90% HRR After Exercise) at the beginning and at the end of the 12-week program. For data analysis, mean and standard deviation scores were calculated, and independent t-test and repeated two-way ANOVA were used. After 12-weeks training program, the results of this study were as follows: First, the number of NK cells at Rest significantly activated at high-exercise intensity and high concentration of phytoncide FWE-G, but did not show any number of change at low-exercise intensity and low concentration of phytoncide GWE-G after 12 weeks’ program. Second, blood melatonin levels at 90% HRR is denser at high-exercise intensity and high concentration of phytoncide FWE-G significantly than low-exercise intensity and low concentration of phytoncide GWE-G which did not show any change after 12 weeks’ program. Third, both group increased in the number of NK cells at 90% HRR after exercise and blood melatonin levels at Rest regardless of exercise intensity and concentration of phytoncide after 12 weeks’ program. Therefore, this study may suggest that the number of NK cells and the blood melatonin levels in the women in their 50s can be positively affected by Forest-Walking exercise in the circumstance of middleslope, high-exercise intensity and high concentration of phytoncide.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Abstract
• 요약
• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 연구방법
• Ⅲ. 연구결과
• Ⅳ. 논의
• Ⅴ. 결론
• References

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김형모, "피톤치드의 항암 효과: 자연 살해 세포 활성화" 한국과학영재교육학회 5 (5): 96-104, 2013

2 최재원, "피톤치드 아로마 흡입과 운동의 복합요법이 대학생의기분상태, 대학생활 스트레스 및 수면에 미치는 영향" 한국디지털정책학회 14 (14): 633-644, 2016

3 김경이, "편백나무 추출물을 함유한 다공성 필름 분석" 한국식품영양학회 24 (24): 551-558, 2011

4 조승행, "웰니스 힐링 숲길 심리치유에 관한 탐색적 고찰" 한국상품문화디자인학회 (41) : 81-96, 2015

5 최종환, "산림 운동이 혈압, 심박수, 과산화지질, 항산화효소에 미치는 영향" 한국산림과학회 97 (97): 417-422, 2008

6 양은석, "단기간의 산림 명상 및 걷기운동이 혈압, 심박수, 자연살해세포 및 기분상태에 미치는 영향" 대한운동사협회 13 (13): 31-40, 2011

7 장재훈, "노인여성의 16주 걷기운동 참여가 노화관련 호르몬에 미치는 영향" 한국운동생리학회 18 (18): 239-246, 2009

8 장준혜, "노각나무 가지 페놀성 화합물의 항산화 및 항염효과" 중앙대학교 대학원 2011

9 변재철, "급성운동이 청소년기 여성의 세포성 면역반응에 미치는 영향" 한국체육학회 41 (41): 325-332, 2002

10 Hwang, B. H, "What is Phytoncide?" Kangwon National University Press 2008

11 Brand-Williams, W., "Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity" 28 (28): 25-30, 1995

12 Han, J. K, "The variation of hormone related to aging and brain activation as per training type of old women" Chung-Ang University 2006

13 Kang, Y. C, "The study on effects of the obese’ acute excercise on serum cortisol and cellular immune reaction" Graduate School of Yeungnam University 2003

14 Na, K. J, "The sedative effect of stress by essential oils purified from softwoods" 14 (14): 93-96, 1998

15 Reiter, R. J., "The pineal gland, Extra reproductive effects" CRC Press 90-96, 1982

16 Kim, Y. Y., "The phytoncide of forest and health" 35 : 281-303, 2006

17 Nehlsen-Cannarella, S. L., "The effects of moderate exercise training on immune response" 23 : 64-70, 1991

18 Kang, S. B, "The effects of long term endurance training on blood antioxidant enzymes and melatonin" Donga University 1999

19 Kim, K. S., "The effects of immune response on maximal aerobic and anaerobic exercise" 5 (5): 269-275, 2002

20 Kim, S. K, "The effects of exercise eype and eentilatory ehreshold on immune response in human" Dong-A University 1995

21 Choi, B. G, "The effects of aerobic and thera-bBand combined exercise on cerebral blood flow, BDNF, and aging-related hormone in elderly women" Soongsil University 2012

22 Kang, H. S, "The effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on the immune function of trained and untrained adolescents" 9 (9): 235-251, 2000

23 Kim, B. W., "The effect of training methods on lipid metabolism and immunoendocrine responses to acute exercise" 14 (14): 67-80, 2002

24 Lim, I. S, "The effect of overtraining on exercise performance, Endocrine, and Immune system" 9 (9): 253-263, 2000

25 Ok, I. H, "The effect of body meridian massage on stress and immune system" Kon-Kuk University 2008

26 Jung, D. J, "The effect of antioxidants supplementation and exercise intensity on the lipid peroxidation" 8 (8): 423-436, 1999

27 Park, J. Y, "The effect of antioxidant Vitamins supplementation on exercise-induced acute response of T lymphocyte and natural killer cell" 37 (37): 380-389, 1998

28 Brahmi, Z., "The effect of acute exercise on natural killer-lymphocyte activity of trained and sedantary human subjects" 5 (5): 321-328, 1985

29 Kang, H. Y., "The bioactivity of phytoncide 1" 11 : 54-66, 2004

30 Reiter, R. J., "The ageing pineal gland and its physiological consequences" 14 : 169-175, 1992

31 Shin, W. S, "The Impact that a forest experience influences on a human mental state stability" 11 (11): 37-43, 2007

32 Han, H. J, "The Effects of endurance exercise on immune functions" Korea National University 2003

33 Noh, S. H, "Stress in the residential environment and coping styles of multi-family housing dwellers" Chonnam National University 2007

34 Castell, L. M., "Some aspects of the acute phase response after a marathon race, and the response after a marathon race, and the effects of glutamine supplementation" 75 : 47-53, 1997

35 Kim, J. S, "Recent advances in melatonin" 11 (11): 257-262, 1996

36 Packer, L., "Protective role of vitamin E in biologicl system" 53 : 1050-1055, 1991

37 Carr, D. B., "Plasma melatonin increases with exercise" 53 : 224-225, 1981

38 Monteleone, P., "Physical exercise at night blunts the nocturnal increase of plasma melatonin levels in healthy humans" 47 (47): 1989-1995, 1990

39 Reid, M. B., "N-acetylcysteine inhibits muscle fatigue in humans" 94 : 2468-2474, 1994

40 Blank, S. E., "Modulation of NK cell activity by moderate intensity endurance training and chronic ethanol consumption" 72 (72): 8-14, 1992

41 Watson, R., "Modification of cellular immune functions in humans by endurance training during β-adrenergic blockade with atenolol or propranolol" 18 : 95-100, 1986

42 Tan, D. X., "Melatonin:A potent, Endogenous hydroxy1 radical scavenger" 1 : 57-60, 1993

43 Skrinar, G. S., "Melatonin response to exercise training in woman" 7 : 185-194, 1989

44 Laughlin, G. A., "Marked augmentation of nNocturnal melatonin secretion in amenorrheic athletes, But not in cycling athletes: Unaltered by Opioidergic or Dopaminergic Blockade" 73 (73): 1321-1326, 1991

45 Hoffman-Goetz, L., "Lymphocyte subset responses to repeated exercise in men" 68 (68): 1069-1074, 1990

46 Kang, H. Y, "Immune mechanism and phytoncide, Wood chemistry and microbiology division" National Institute of Forest Science 2005

47 Nieman, D. C., "Immune function in marathon runners versus sedentary controls" 27 : 986-992, 1995

48 "Hyundai Health News"

49 Ji, L. L., "Glutathione and antioxidant enzymes in skeletal muscle:effects of fiber type and exercise intensity" 73 (73): 1854-1859, 1992

50 Aksoy, L., "Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total antioxidant status, and total oxidant status of endemic Thermopsis turcica" 20 (20): 235-239, 2013

51 Park, B. J, "Experimental approach of therapeutic effect of forest recreation activities" Chungnam National University 2010

52 Nieman, D. C, "Exercise, infection, and immunity" 15 : S131-S141, 1994

53 Buxton, O. M, "Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase, American Journal of Physiology Regulatory" 284 (284): R714-R724, 2003

54 Escames, G., "Exercise and melatonin in humans: reciprocal benefits" 52 (52): 1-11, 2012

55 Na, J. C, "Exercise Immunology" DeaKyoung Books publishing 2002

56 Fiatarone, M. A., "Endogenous opioids and the exercise-induced augmentation of natural killer cell activity" 112 : 544-552, 1988

57 Kim. J. H, "Effects of long-term training with middle-high intensity on immune response" Dong-A University 1999

58 Park, S. C, "Effects of combined training on melatonin, estrogen and growth hormone secretion in middle-aged women" Wonkwang University 2010

59 Rho, S. K., "Effects of O₂and minus ion treatment on oxidant and anti-oxidant enzymes activity during maximal GXT in men and women" 9 (9): 59-67, 2007

60 Lee, J. C, "Effect of phytoncide on demodex in human skin" Chung-ang University 2005

61 Li, Q., "Effect of phytoncide from trees on human natural killer cell function" 22 (22): 951-959, 2009

62 Ronkainen, H., "Effect of physical exercise on the serum concentrations of melatonin in female runners" 65 : 827-829, 1986

63 Theron, J. J., "Effect of physical exercise on plasma melatonin levels in normal volunteers" 66 : 838-841, 1984

64 Li, Q., "Effect of forest therapy on the human psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune network" 66 (66): 645-650, 2011

65 Bodner, G., "Effect of endogenous cortisol cevels on natural killer cell activity in healthy humans" 12 (12): 285-296, 1998

66 Oshida, Y., "Effect of acute physical exercise on lymphocyte subpopulations in trained and untrained subjects" 9 (9): 37-140, 1988

67 Park, G. Y, "Effect of 10-week forest exercise on change of melatonin concentration in the elderly" Chungbuk National University 2010

68 Dekeyser, F. G., "Distress symptom distress, and immune function in women with suspected breast cancer" 25 (25): 1415-1422, 1998

69 Kim, M. Y, "Characterization of tissue anti-adhesion using natural polymers hydrogel and physiological activities of natural antioxidants" Chonnam National University 2012

70 Coleman, M. P., "Breast cancer, blindness and melatonin" 28 : 501-, 1992

71 Trinchieri, G., "Biology of natural killer cells" 47 : 187-376, 1989

72 Eller, F J., "Bioactivity of cedarwood oil and cedrol against arthropod pests" 43 (43): 762-766, 2014

73 Dayawansa, S, "Autonomic resposes during inhalation of natural fragrance of Cedeol in humans" 108 (108): 79-86, 2003

74 Ji, L. L., "Alteration of antioxidant enzymes with aging in rat skeletal muscle and liver" 258 (258): 918-923, 1990

75 Yoon, S. O., "A study on the pharmacological and nutritional values of needles of pinus densiflora sieb and zucc" 5 : 63-81, 1997

76 Park, H. J., "A study on the characteristics of Mmonoterpene emissions from different wood species" 37 (37): 380-389, 2006

77 Park, S. N, "A study on anti-stress effect of phytoncides" Daejeon University 2016

78 Choi, J. Y, "A study for antistress effects of two aromatic synergic blendinf oils" 2 (2): 2000

79 조재혁, "12주간의 복합운동 프로그램이 노화관련호르몬 수준에 미치는 영향" 한국스포츠학회 14 (14): 335-342, 2016