Preparation and characterisation of activated carbon from Vitis vinifera leaf litter and its adsorption performance for aqueous phenanthrene

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The adsorption of phenanthrene onto activated carbons produced from Vitis vinifera leaf litter (a waste plant biomass) was investigated in this study. Zinc chloride ( ZnCl2) and phosphoric acid ( H3PO4) were utilised as activating agents in producing the activated carbons. The characterisation of the activated carbons was achieved with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (for surface functional groups), scanning electron microscopy (for surface morphology) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) (for surface area determination). The adsorption of phenanthrene onto the activated carbons was optimised in terms of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of adsorbate solution and contact time. Experimental results showed that H3PO4 modified activated carbon gave better yield (up to 58.40%) relative to ZnCl2 modified activated carbon (only up to 47.08%). Meanwhile, surface characterisation showed that ZnCl2 modification resulted in higher BET surface area (up to 616.60 m2/ g) and total pore volume (up to 0.289 cm3/g) relative to BET surface area of up to 295.49 m2/ g and total pore volume of up to 0.185 cm3/g obtained from H3PO4 modified activated carbons. Adsorption equilibrium data fitted well into Freundlich isotherm model relative to other applied isotherm models, with maximum Kf value of 1.27 for ZnCl2 modified activated carbon and 1.16 Kf value for H3PO4 modified activated carbon. The maximum adsorption capacity for ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activated carbons for the removal of phenanthrene were 94.12 and 89.13 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies revealed that dynamic equilibrium was reached at 80 min contact time. Experimental data fitted best into the Elovich kinetic model relative to other kinetic models, based on the correlation coefficient (R2) values obtained from kinetic studies. Chemisorption was deduced as a major phenanthrene removal pathway from aqueous solution and the physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbents have major influence on phenanthrene removal efficiencies.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Opeolu BO, "Zinc abatement from simulated and industrial wastewaters using sugarcane biomass" 37 (37): 313-320, 2011

2 Nguyen C, "The Dubinin–Radushkevich equation and the underlying microscopic adsorption description" 39 : 1327-1336, 2001

3 Siphugu L, "South Africa—Republic of wine annu"

4 Asuquo ED, "Sorption of cadmium(II)ion from aqueous solution onto sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas L. )peel adsorbent : characterisation, kinetic and isotherm studies" 4 (4): 4207-4228, 2016

5 Lawal IA, "Sorption of Congo red and reactive blue on biomass and activated carbon derived from biomass modified by ionic liquid" 8 : 83-91, 2017

6 Molina-Sabio M, "Role of chemical activation in the development of carbon porosity" 241 (241): 15-25, 2004

7 Chen B, "Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution using plant residue materials as a biosorbent" 188 : 436-442, 2011

8 Gupta H, "Removal of phenanthrene from water using activated carbon developed from orange rind" 3 (3): 248-255, 2015

9 Garg UK, "Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by agricultural waste biomass" 140 (140): 60-68, 2007

10 Ho Y-S, "Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution using tree fern as a biosorbent" 40 (40): 119-124, 2005

11 Tiwari JN, "Reduced graphene oxide-based hydrogels for the efficient capture of dye pollutants from aqueous solutions" 56 : 173-182, 2013

12 Ho YS, "Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes" 34 (34): 451-465, 1999

13 Sumpter JP, "Protecting aquatic organisms from chemicals : the harsh realities" 367 : 3877-3894, 2009

14 Kim JW, "Production of granular activated carbon from waste walnut shell and its adsorption characteristics for Cu2+ion" 85 (85): 301-315, 2001

15 Spinelli R, "Production and quality of biomass fuels from mechanized collection and processing of vineyard pruning residues" 89 (89): 374-379, 2012

16 Sugumaran P, "Production and characterisation of activated carbon from banana empty fruit bunch and Delonix regia fruit pod" 3 : 125-132, 2012

17 Bagheri N, "Preparation of high surface area activated carbon from corn by chemical activation using potassium hydroxide" 87 (87): 1059-1064, 2009

18 Qiao K, "Preparation of biochar from Enteromorpha prolifera and its use for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)from aqueous solution" 149 : 80-87, 2018

19 Weber TW, "Pore and solid diffusion models for fixed-bed adsorbers" 20 (20): 228-238, 1974

20 Lamichhane S, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)removal by sorption : a review" 148 : 336-353, 2016

21 Dodevski V, "Plane tree seed biomass used for preparation of activated carbons(AC)derived from pyrolysis Modeling the activation process" 522 : 83-96, 2017

22 Munir MT, "Phosphate recovery from hydrothermally treated sewage sludge using struvite precipitation" 239 : 171-179, 2017

23 Lafka T-I, "On the extraction and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds from winery wastes" 104 (104): 1206-1214, 2007

24 Sarasidis VC, "Novel water-purification hybrid processes involving in-situ regenerated activated carbon, membrane separation and advanced oxidation" 328 : 1153-1163, 2017

25 Dada A, "Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms studies of equilibrium sorption of Zn2+onto phosphoric acid modified rice husk" 3 (3): 38-45, 2012

26 Aljeboree AM, "Kinetics and equilibrium study for the adsorption of textile dyes on coconut shell activated carbon" 10 : S3381-S3393, 2017

27 Foo KY, "Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems" 156 (156): 2-10, 2010

28 Correa RC, "Influence of the biomass components on the pore formation of activated carbon" 97 : 53-64, 2017

29 Sudaryanto Y, "High surface area activated carbon prepared from cassava peel by chemical activation" 97 : 734-739, 2006

30 Chand R, "Grape waste as a biosorbent for removing Cr(VI)from aqueous solution" 163 (163): 245-250, 2009

31 Shattar SFA, "Feasibility of montmorilloniteassisted adsorption process for the effective treatment of organo-pesticides" 57 : 13645-13677, 2016

32 Wang X, "Equilibrium sorption isotherms for of Cu2+on rice bran" 40 (40): 677-680, 2005

33 Qu Y, "Equilibrium and kinetics study on the adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid from aqueous solution onto powdered activated carbon" 169 : 146-152, 2009

34 Kennish MJ, "Environmental threats and environmental future of estuaries" 29 : 78-107, 2002

35 Li Y, "Enhanced sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution by modified pine bark" 101 : 7307-7313, 2010

36 Rahim AA, "Efficient adsorption of 4-Chloroguiacol from aqueous solution using optimal activated carbon : equilibrium isotherms and kinetics modeling" 21 : 17-23, 2016

37 Deng J, "Effects of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin on the structure and morphology of porous carbons" 4 : 3750-3756, 2016

38 Garg V, "Dye removal from aqueous solution by adsorption on treated sawdust" 89 (89): 121-124, 2003

39 Wu F-C, "Characteristics of Elovich equation used for the analysis of adsorption kinetics in dye-chitosan systems" 150 (150): 366-373, 2009

40 Darmawan S, "Characterisation of lignocellulosic biomass as raw material for the production of porous carbon-based materials" 11 (11): 3561-3574, 2016

41 Sun Y, "Characterisation and ciprofloxacin adsorption properties of activated carbons prepared from biomass wastes by H3PO4activation" 217 : 239-244, 2016

42 Sarada B, "Cadmium removal by macro algae Caulerpa fastigiata : characterization, kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic studies" 2 (2): 1533-1542, 2014

43 Akar T, "Biosorption performance of surface modified biomass obtained from Pyracantha coccinea for the decolorisation of dye contaminated solutions" 160 (160): 466-472, 2010

44 Dailianis S, "Aqueous phenanthrene toxicity after high-frequency ultrasound degradation" 147 : 32-40, 2014

45 Saeed A, "Application potential of grapefruit peel as dye sorbent : kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism of crystal violet adsorption" 179 (179): 564-572, 2010

46 Aksu Z, "Application of biosorption for the removal of organic pollutants : a review" 40 (40): 997-1026, 2005

47 Moore MN, "An integrated biomarker-based strategy for ecotoxicological evaluation of risk in environmental management" 552 : 247-268, 2004

48 Ioannidou O, "Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production : a review" 11 (11): 1966-2005, 2007

49 Rad RM, "Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on activated carbons : kinetic and isotherm curve modeling" 6 : 43-49, 2014

50 Fierro V, "Adsorption of phenol onto activated carbons having different textural and surface properties" 111 (111): 276-284, 2008

51 El Qada EN, "Adsorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon produced from steam activated bituminous coal: a study of equilibrium adsorption isotherm" 124 (124): 103-110, 2006

52 Walker GM, "Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution—the effect of adsorbent pore size distribution and dye aggregation" 83 (83): 201-206, 2001

53 Özcan AS, "Adsorption of acid blue 193 from aqueous solutions onto Na–bentonite and DTMA–bentonite" 280 (280): 44-54, 2004

54 Demirbas E, "Adsorption kinetics for the removal of chromium(VI)from aqueous solutions on the activated carbons prepared from agricultural wastes" 30 : 533-539, 2004

55 Adebowale KO, "Active carbons from low temperature conversion chars"

56 Rashidi NA, "Activated carbon from the renewable agricultural residues using single step physical activation : a preliminary analysis" 3 : 84-92, 2012

57 Prahas D, "Activated carbon from jackfruit peel waste by H3PO4 chemical activation : pore structure and surface chemistry characterization" 140 : 32-42, 2008

58 Ho YS, "A comparison of chemisorption kinetic models applied to pollutant removal on various sorbents" 76 (76): 332-340, 1998