Environmental assessment in a changing world : evaluating practice to improve performance

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• CHAPTER 1 : THE INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT = 1
• 1.1 Study Rationale = 1
• 1.2 Study Objectives = 2
• 1.3 Frame, of Reference = 2
• 1.4 Study Design and Execution = 3
• 1.5 Study Management = 5
• 1.6 Information and Research Tools = 5
• 1.7 Product Use and Development = 7
• 1.8 Structure and Content of Final Report = 8
• CHAPTER 2 : ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IN PERSPECTIVE = 11
• 2.1 Foundations of Assessment = 12
• 2.1.1 Definitions = 12
• 2.1.2 Purpose and Aims of EA = 13
• 2.1.3 Role and Application to Decision Making = 15
• 2.1.4 Elements of Approach = 16
• 2.1.5 Core Values and Principles = 20
• 2.2 The Evolution of EA = 24
• 2.2.1 Back to the Beginning = 24
• 2.2.2 World-wide Adoption of Assessment = 25
• 2.2.3 Twenty five Years of Process Development and Innovation = 26
• 2.2.4 Recent Changes to Legal and Institutional Frameworks = 31
• 2.3 Challenges to Contemporary Practice = 34
• 2.4 Key Points : Summing up this Chapter = 36
• CHAPTER 3 : THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
• 3.1 Effectiveness Concepts and Dimensions = 39
• 3.2 Principles of Review = 41
• 3.3 Making a Difference : The Value Added by EA = 45
• 3.3.1 Macro Reviews of national and International Experience = 46
• 3.3.2 Micro or Process-Specific Review = 52
• 3.3.3 Ingredients of Success = 54
• 3.3.4 Results and Costs of Environmental Assessment = 58
• CHAPTER 4 : EA EFFECTIVENESS SURVEYS = 77
• 4.1 IAIA Survey = 77
• 4.1.1 Survey Design and Administration = 77
• 4.1.2 Adequacy of Institutional Frameworks = 78
• 4.1.3 Scientific and Methodological Basis of Assessment = 80
• 4.1.4 The Conduct of Assessment = 82
• 4.1.5 The Effectiveness of Assessment = 84
• 4.1.6 Conclusion : The Respondents' Report Card on Ea = 88
• 4.2 Country Status Reports = 89
• 4.2.1 Institutional Arrangements = 89
• 4.2.2 EA Process Steps and Components = 93
• 4.2.3 Status of Practice and Future Developments = 100
• 4.3 Corporate Frameworks of EA = 100
• 4.3.1 Key Findings = 101
• 4.3.2 Corporate EIA Processes = 102
• 4.3.3 Process and Procedure Step by Step = 102
• 4.3.4 EIA Activities = 105
• 4.3.5 Status of Practice and Future Perspectives = 105
• 4.4 Key Points : Summing up this chapter = 106
• CHAPTER 5 : EIA PROCESS STRENGTHENING--FOUR PRIORITIES IMPROVEMENT
• 5.1 Perspectives on Process Strengthening = 109
• 5.1.1 Process Integrity = 110
• 5.1.2 Dealing with Issues and Impacts = 112
• 5.2 Scoping = 113
• 5.2.1 Objectives and Approach = 114
• 5.2.2 Procedural and Technical Considerations = 115
• 5.2.3 Key Tasks and Activities = 115
• 5.3 Evaluation of Impact Significance = 118
• 5.3.1 Modes of Evaluation = 118
• 5.3.2 Applications to Practice = 120
• 5.4 Review of EIA Quality = 112
• 5.4.1 Institutional Arrangements = 122
• 5.4.2 Approaches to EIA Review = 123
• 5.4.2 Approaches to EIA Review = 123
• 5.4.3 Establishing Review Framework = 123
• 5.4.4 Conducting the Review = 124
• 5.5 Monitoring and Follow-up = 126
• 5.5.1 Rationale and Objective = 127
• 5.5.2 Elements of Approach = 127
• 5.5.3 Determining the Need for Follow-up = 128
• 5.5.4 Effects Monitoring and Impact Management = 129
• 5.5.5 Monitoring and Environmental Performance = 129
• 5.6 Key Polints : Summing up this Chapter = 131
• CHAPTER 6 : STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT--EXPERIENCE, STATUS AND DIRECTIONS FOR IMPROVED EFFECTIVENESS = 139
• 6.1 Introduction = 139
• 6.2 Initial Perspectives on the Field = 140
• 6.3 SEA Systems = 143
• 6.3.1 Country and Organizational Profile 142
• 6.3.2 Institutional Frameworks and Procedures = 147
• 6.3.3 Guiding Principles = 150
• 6.3.4 Oversight and Administration = 151
• 6.4 Trends in Process Application = 152
• 6.4.1 Scope of Application = 152
• 6.4.2 Public Involvement = 153
• 6.4.3 Integration of SEA with Project EIA = 155
• 6.4.4 Relevance for Policy Making = 155
• 6.5 Research and Development Agenda = 163
• 6.5.1 The SEA Tool Kit = 157
• 6.5.2. Generic Steps and Activities = 157
• 6.5.3 Extending SEA to Address Cumulative Effects = 161
• 6.6 Research and Development Agenda = 163
• 6.7 Key Points : Summing up The Chapter = 164
• CHAPTER 7 : ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABILITY ASSURANCE = 183
• 7.1 Introduction = 183
• 7.2 Sustainability : From Concepts to Policy Analysis = 184
• 7.2.1 About Sustainable Development = 184
• 7.2.2 The Relationship of Sustainability and Capital Stock = 185
• 7.2.3 Valuing the Environment = 185
• 7.2.4 Environmental Capacities and Thresholds = 186
• 7.2.5 Guidelines and Approaches to Environmental Sustainability = 187
• 7.2.6 EA as a Sustainability Instrument = 188
• 7.2.7 Sharpening EIA to Sustainability Purpose = 189
• 7.3 Applications to Global Change = 195
• 7.3.1 Science, Policy and Assessment = 195
• 7.3.2 A Framework Approach to Climate Change = 198
• 7.3.3 A Framework Approach to Biological Diversity = 202
• 7.4 Key Points : Summing Up This Chapter = 108
• CHAPTER 8 : A WAY FORWARD : CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS = 223
• 8.1 Agenda for Action = 223
• 8.1.1 Going Back to Basics = 223
• 8.1.2 Upgrading EIA Processes and Activities = 224
• 8.1.3 Extending SEA as an Integral Part of Policy Making = 225
• 8.1.4 Sharpening EA as a Sustainability Instrument = 227
• 8.1.5 New Opportunities and Challenges for EA = 228
• 8.2 Future Directions For EA = 229
• 8.2.1 Near-term Trends = 229
• 8.2.2 Long-term Trends = 230
• 8.3 Sign Off on the Effectiveness Study = 231
• References = 233