L2 Gestures and Thinking-for-speaking Patterns of Korean-English Bilingual

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

For the last several decades, second language (L2) researchers have not reached a consensus on whether L2 speakers maintain first language (L1) thinking-for-speaking (TFS) patterns or transfer to L2 TFS. This inconsistency seems to be related to different definitions of L2 proficiency. Hence, in this study, I clarify the relationship between L2 speakers’ TFS patterns (L1 vs. L2) and their proficiency levels by defining proficiency based on their age first exposed to L2 setting. I examine how gestures present conceptual knowledge levels of intermediate and advanced L2 speakers when compared with their speech of motion events of manner (i.e., how motion is expressed) in their L1 Korean and L2 English. I found that intermediate speakers seemed to follow typical L1 TFS patterns expressing manner information through manner gestures in the absence of linguistic expressions of manner. However, advanced speakers seemed to acquire L2 TFS patterns by conflating manner gestures with manner verbs as English native speakers typically do. This result shows that intermediate L2 speakers have difficulty following L2 TFS patterns because their training in L1 leads them to thinking in L1 while speaking in their L2 and L2 speakers need a long period of practice and exposure to an L2-speaking setting to acquire new TFS patterns. In addition, teachers can diagnose the developmental level of L2 learners through their gestures.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Fassnacht, C, "Transana v2.0"

2 Talmy, L., "Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Vol. II: Typology and Process in Concept Structuring" MIT Press 2000

3 Stam, G., "Thinking for speaking about motion: L1 and L2 speech and gestures" 44 (44): 145-171, 2006

4 Vygotsky, L. S., "Thinking and Speech" Plenum 39-285, 1987

5 Patkowski, M, "The Sensitive Period for the Acquisition of Syntax in a Second Language" 30 : 449-472, 1980

6 Slobin, D. I, "The Many Ways to Search for a Frog: Linguistic Typology and the Expression of Motion Events" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 219-257, 2004

7 Sohn, H., "The Korean Language" Cambridge University Press 1999

8 Agar, M, "The Biculture in Bilingual" 20 : 167-181, 1991

9 Negueruela, E., "The "Private Function" of Gestures in Second Language Speaking Activity: A Study of Motion verbs and gesturing in English and Spanish" 14 (14): 113-147, 2004

10 Gullberg, M, "Some Reasons for Studying Gesture and Second Language Acquisition (hommage à Adam Kendon)" 44 (44): 103-124, 2006

11 Lantolf, J. P., "Sociocultural Theory and the Genesis of Second Language Development" Oxford University Press 2006

12 Lantolf, J. P, "Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning: State of the Art" 28 : 67-109, 2006

13 Choi, S., "Representation and Embodiment of Meaning in L2 Communication: Motion Events in the Speech and Gesture of Advanced L2 Korean and L2 English Speakers" 30 : 191-224, 2008

14 Lantolf, J. P., "Re(de)fining Language Proficiency in Light of the Concept Languaculture" Continuum 72-91, 2006

15 Kellerman, E., "Manual Accents" 41 (41): 251-269, 2003

16 Talmy, L., "Lexicalization Patterns: Semantic Structure in lexical Forms" Cambridge University Press 36-149, 1985

17 Wienold, G., "Lexical and Conceptual Structures in Expressions for Movement and Space: With Reference to Japanese, Korean, Thai, and Indonesian as Compared to English and German" John Benjamins 301-340, 1995

18 Choi, S., "Learning to Express Motion Events in English and Korean: The Influence of Language Specific Lexicalization Patterns" 41 : 83-121, 1991

19 Slobin, D. I., "Language and Thought Online: Cognitive Consequences of Linguistic Relativity" MIT press 157-192, 2003

20 Ushakova, T., "Inner Speech and Second Language Acquisition: An Experimental- theoretical Approach" Ablex 135-156, 1994

21 Young, R. F., "Identifying Units in Interaction: Reactive Tokens in Korean and English Conversations" 8 (8): 380-407, 2004

22 Kita, S., "How Representational Gestures Help Speaking" Cambridge University Press 162-185, 2000

23 McNeill, D., "Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought" go University Press 1992

24 McNeill, D., "Growth Points in Thinking-for-speaking" Cambridge University Press 141-161, 2000

25 Gullberg, M., "Gestures, Referents, and Anaphoric Linkage in Learner Varieties" Benjamins 211-328, 2003

26 Gullberg M., "Gestures as a Communication Strategy in Second Language Discourse: A Study of Learners of French and Swedish" Lund University Press 1998

27 Jablonska, J., "Gesture-speech Linguistic Mismatches may be an Index of a Critical Period in Language Learning" 2009

28 McNeill, D., "Gesture and Thought" University of Chicago Press 2005

29 Slobin, D. I., "From “Thought and Language” to Thinking for Speaking" Cambridge University Press 70-96, 1996

30 Downey, R., "Evaluation of the Usefulness of the Versant for English Test: A Response" 5 : 160-167, 2008

31 Alibali, M. W., "Effects of Visibility between Speakers and Listeners on Gesture Production: Some Gestures are Meant to be Seen" 44 : 169-188, 2001

32 Have, P. T., "Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide" Sage 1999

33 Özyüek, A., "Do Speakers Design their Co-speech Gestures for their Addresses? The effects of addressee location on representational Gestures" 46 : 688-704, 2002

34 Young, R. F, "Discourse Approaches to Oral Language Assessment" 22 : 243-262, 2002

35 Johnson, J., "Critical Period Effects in Second Language Learning: The Influence of Maturational State on the Acquisition of English as a Second Language" 21 : 60-99, 1989

36 Brown, A., "Bidirectional Crosslinguistic Influence in L1-L2 Encoding of Manner in Speech and Gesture: A Study of Japanese Speakers of English" 30 : 225-251, 2008

37 Neu, J., "Assessing the Role of Nonverbal Communication in the Acquisition of Communicative Competence in L2" Newbury House 121-138, 1990

38 Abrahamsson, N., "Age of Onset and Nativelikeness in a Second Language: Listener Perception Versus Listener Scrutiny" 59 (59): 249-306, 2009

39 Patkowski, M, "Age and Accent in a Second Language: A Reply to James Emil Flege" 11 : 73-89, 1990