스웨덴 극우 정당의 사회적 기초 = The Social Bases of Far Right Political Party in Sweden

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문은 스웨덴 총선 출구조사자료(VALU)를 이용하여 2000년대 스웨덴 극우 민족주의를 내세우며 세를 확장하고 있는 스웨덴 민주당(Sverigedemokraterna, SD)의 사회적 토대를 분석한다. 스웨덴은 다른 유럽 국가들에 비해서 20세기 내내 사회민주당이 헤게모니를 유지하며 동시에 상당히 안정된 정당체제를 유지해 왔으나, 2000년대 들어서 기성 정당들이 외면하는 극우 민족주의 정당이 지지를 급속히 확대하여 의회 내 제3당이 되었다. 이 논문은 스웨덴 민주당의 대두를 설명하기 위하여 신자유주의적 세계화와 유럽통합과 같은 스웨덴 사회의 안정을 깨뜨리는 변화를 강조하는 ‘병리적 사회현상으로서의 극우 민족주의‘와 공급차원의 ‘정당의 문제’를 동시에 고려할 필요가 있다는 점을 밝힌다. 출구조사 분석은 이전과 다르게 연령, 직업과 가입 노동조합 형태 등에 따라서 스웨덴 민주당 지지가 점차 달라지고 있다는 점과 기존 정당체제에 대한 불만 등이 스웨덴 민주당의 지지와 연관되어 있음을 보여준다. 이것은 90년대 초 의회에 잠시 진출한 극우 정당인 신민주당(Ny Demokrati) 현상과 같은 일시적인 이변으로 그칠 것이 아니라 상당히 지속성을 갖게 될 것이라는 점과 동시에 스웨덴 민주당이 단일 이슈 정당에서 점차 급진주의를 약화시켜 의회 내 주류 정당화할 가능성도 있음을 함의한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Analyzing the exit poll of the past three general elections (VALU) in Sweden, this paper explores the social basis of the Sweden Democrats(Sverigedemokraterna, SD) which politically represents the far-right radicalism in Sweden. Sweden has been known as a country in which the Social Democratic Party has exercised hegemony in the 20th century. It also has maintained the stable party system, representing one of the best democratic political system in the world. However, in spite of alienation of the party from existing parties in Riksdag, the Social Democrats has gained popularity in the 2000s and became the third largest party in Riksdag in 2014. This paper attempts to explain the rise of the Sweden Democrats, combining a demand- side explanation which emphasizes the 'far right radicalism as pathological phenomenon' and a supply-side explanation which focuses on the role of political parties. Finally this paper argues that unlike New Democracy, the short lived far right party in the early 1990, the possibility of survival of the Sweden Democrats is very high and there might be the possibility of the transformation of the Sweden Democrats as a single issue party into a mainstream party by diluting radicalism.

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