Screening of Immunostimulatory Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria from Chicken Feces as Animal Probiotics

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The principal objective of this study was to screen and select acid-tolerant Lactobacillus strains from chicken feces, feeds,and other sources. Fourty six strains evidencing acid tolerance (pH 3.5) were isolated in this study. Among them, nine strains exhibited marked immunostimulatory effects. Therefore, nine candidate strains were characterized for probiotic use. In order to evaluate macrophage activation, NO production was measured using RAW 264.7 cells. In particular, three strains (FC812, FC222, and FC113) evidenced the highest levels of NO production measured at 38.39±20.01, 35.06±27.73, and 33.88±15.99 μM, respectively, at a concentration of 108 CFU/mL. The majority of strains, with the exception of strain FC322, evidenced marked resistance to artificial gastric juice (pH 2.5 with 1%(w/v) pepsin). Additionally, strains FC222,FC421, FC511, and FC721 were highly resistant to artificial bile acid (0.1%(w/v) oxgall), whereas strains FC113, FC322,FC422, FC621, and FC812 were the least resistant to bile. All nine strains exerted antimicrobial effects against chickenrelated pathogens. Additionally, all nine strains were found to be resistant to several antibiotics. The isolated strains, except for strain FC322, were tentatively identified as Lactobacillus salivarius, using an API 50 CHL kit. These results demonstrate that some probiotic organisms may potentially probiotic properties, and thus may serve as an effective alternative to antibiotics in animal applications.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이승배, "사료 첨가용 생균제를 위한 probiotics 유산간균의 분리 및 동정" 한국축산식품학회 26 (26): 106-112, 2006

2 하철규, "담즙산 분해능이 뛰어난 젖산균의 분리 및 동정" 한국축산식품학회 24 (24): 164-170, 2004

3 임수진, "계분으로부터 Lactobacillus salivarius의 분리 및 생균제적 특성" 한국미생물·생명공학회 35 (35): 98-103, 2007

4 Kobayashi, Y., "Tolerance of the multiple antibiotic resistant strains, L. casei PSR 3002, to artificial digestive fluids" 29 : 691-697, 1974

5 Bogdan, C., "The role of nitric oxide in innate immunity" 173 : 17-26, 2000

6 Wierup, M., "The experience of reducing antibiotics used in animal production in the Nordic countries" 18 : 287-290, 2001

7 Muriuki, F. K., "Tetracycline residue levels in cattle meat from Nairobi salughter house in Kenya" 2 : 97-101, 2001

8 Klein, G., "Taxonomy, ecology and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from food and the gastro-intestinal tract" 88 : 123-131, 2003

9 Danielsen, M., "Susceptibility of Lactobacillus spp. to antimicrobial agents" 82 : 1-11, 2003

10 Ibrahim, S. A., "Survival of bifidobacteria in the presence of bile salts" 65 : 351-354, 1993

11 McCartney-Francis, N., "Suppression of arthritis by an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase" 178 : 749-754, 1993

12 Shin, M. S., "Selection and characteristics of Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated from Korean feces" 31 : 495-501, 1999

13 Marin, J., "Role of vascular nitric oxide in physiological and pathological conditions" 75 : 111-134, 1997

14 Weisz, A., "Regulation of the mouse inducible-type nitric oxide synthase gene promoter by interferon-gamma, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine" 316 : 209-215, 1996

15 Sanders, M. E., "Probiotics: Considerations for human health" 61 : 91-99, 2003

16 Shanahan, F., "Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease– therapeutic rationale and role" 56 : 809-818, 2004

17 Park, H. S., "Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus salivarius isolated from piglet intestines" 28 : 830-836, 1999

18 Seon-Jae Kim, "Potential Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated fromKimchi" 한국식품과학회 14 (14): 547-550, 2005

19 Liao, J. K., "Oxidized low-density lipoprotein decreases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase" 270 : 319-324, 1995

20 Bogdan, C., "Nitric oxide and the immune response" 2 : 907-916, 2001

21 Guzik, T. J., "Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation" 54 : 469-487, 2003

22 Jun, K. D., "Microbiological identification of medical probiotic Bispan strain" 28 : 124-127, 2000

23 Pool-Zobel, B. L., "Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-mediated antigenotoxicity in the colon of rats" 26 : 365-380, 1996

24 Vizoso Pinto, M. G., "Lactobacillus spp. with in vitro probiotic properties from human faeces and traditional fermented products" 109 : 205-214, 2006

25 Pascual, M., "Lactobacillus salivarius CTC2197 prevents Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens" 65 : 4981-4986, 1999

26 Vinderola, C. G., "Lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria: a comparative 'in vitro' study of probiotic characteristics and biological barrier resistance" 36 : 895-904, 2003

27 Kanno, S., "Inhibitory effect of naringin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced endotoxin shock in mice and nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages" 78 : 673-681, 2006

28 Oleszak, E. L., "Inducible nitric oxide synthase in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection" 71 : 3228-3235, 1997

29 De Rodas, B. Z., "Hypocholesterolemic action of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 and calcium in swine with hypercholesterolemia induced by diet" 79 : 2121-2128, 1996

30 Chateau, N., "Heterogeneity of bile salts resistance in the Lactobacillus isolates of a probiotic consortium" 18 : 42-44, 1994

31 Reddy, N. R., "Foods and food ingredients for prevention of diarrhoea diseases in children in developing countries" 51 : 66-75, 1998

32 Caplice, E., "Food fermentation: role of microorganisms in food production and preservation" 50 : 131-149, 1999

33 Karpuzoglu, E., "Estrogen regulation of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in immune cells: Implications for immunity, autoimmune diseases, and apoptosis" 15 : 177-186, 2006

34 Xanthopoulos, V., "Characterization of Lactobacillus isolates from infant faeces as dietary adjuncts" 17 : 205-215, 2000

35 Hoa, N. T., "Characterization of Bacillus species used for oral bacteriotherapy and bacterioprophylaxis of gastrointestinal disorders" 66 : 5241-5247, 2000

36 Holzapfel, W. H., "Biological preservation of foods with reference to protective cul- tures, bacteriocins and food-grade enzymes" 24 : 343-362, 1993

37 Ayad, E. H. E., "Antimicrobial-producing wild lactococci isolated from artisanal and non-dairy origins" 12 : 145-150, 2002

38 Zhou, J. S., "Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of new probiotic Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains" 98 : 211-217, 2005

39 Kimura, K., "Analysis of fecal population of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and investigation of the immunological responses of their human hosts to predominant strains" 63 : 3394-3398, 1997

40 Mainville, I., "A dynamic model that simulates the human upper gastrointestinal tract for the study of probiotics" 99 : 287-296, 2005