Decommissioning and decontamination (D&D) become important in Korea since the decision of the decommissioning of the first commercial nuclear power plant, Kori-1. Soil decontamination is one of the essential technologies not only for nuclear facil...
Decommissioning and decontamination (D&D) become important in Korea since the decision of the decommissioning of the first commercial nuclear power plant, Kori-1. Soil decontamination is one of the essential technologies not only for nuclear facility decommissioning, but also for the site remediation during or after decommissioning. In the contaminated soil, radioactive nuclides are known to be chemically or physically adsorbed to the surfaces inside soil pores, making it difficult to extract or eliminate. Thus, it is a challenging goal to decontaminate soil with a high efficiency and with the least production of radioactive wastes at the same time. In this study, an eco-friendly soil decontamination technology which uses supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) was tested.
SCCO2 has a high penetration power (high diffusivity) with a good soluble capacity of contaminants. Compared to other solvents, CO2 is easy to get a critical condition under which the physical and chemical properties of the fluid are very sensitive to the pressure. SCCO2 can make an eco-friendly process in which SCCO2 penetrates pores in soil to extract radioactive contaminants, and then separates pure CO2 from radioactive wastes by changing pressure and temperature, resulting in the least production of secondary radioactive wastes.
Since SCCO2 is a nonpolar fluid, chelate ligands should be used for the extraction of ionic (polar) contaminants. A catechol amine compound which is fully soluble in SCCO2 and has an excellent bonding strength with polar metal ions was used in this study. Also, a co-ligand, NEt4PFOSA was used for meeting the charge balance condition in dissolving contaminant-ligand compounds into the nonpolar SCCO2. Ultrasonic waves were added during the decontamination process to increase the extraction efficiency. Cs, Sr and U were selected as contaminants, and simulated soil specimens were prepared by adsorbing these ions into the soil. The catechol amine and the co-ligand can dissolve fully into ethanol and 2-propanol. A liquid ligand, i.e., ethanol or 2-propanol containing both the ligand and co-ligand was mixed with SCCO2 and used for the decontamination process. And additional stages such as pre-conditioning or post-conditioning were also applied during the decontamination experiments.
It was found that ethanol ligand was more efficient than 2-propanol. The decontamination efficiency of the ethanol ligand was about 80-93%, but the 2-propanol ligand was about 38-55%. Ethanol itself was very effective in extracting ionic contaminants such as Cs, Sr and U. We checked the possibility of pure ethanol as a cleaning fluid for the decontamination of soil. Most of Cs and Sr adsorbed in sea-sands were extracted under ethanol only. However, only 30% of Cs was extracted in the case of actual soil, which indicates the limited penetration capability of liquid ethanol to soil. When ethanol was mixed with SCCO2, the extraction of Cs increased up to 70%. When the ethanol ligand (ethanol containing ligand and co-ligand) was used for decontamination, 80~93% of Cs and Sr were extracted from the actual soil. A conditioning process such as pre-treatment by ethanol increased the efficiency of about 5%. The ethanol ligand could extract U ionic contaminants very effectively (about 90~98%) from the actual soil. Tri-butyl-phosphate (TBP) was found to dissolve fully into ethanol. SCCO2 mixed with ethanol containing TBP was applied for the extraction of U in the actual soil. More than 90% of U in the soil was removed.
In this study, ethanol in SCCO2 was found to be very effective in the decontamination of radioactive contaminants such as Cs, Sr and U from the actual soil. The eco-friendly process using SCCO2 has a high decontamination efficiency producing negligible amounts of secondary wastes by reusing CO2, which will contribute a lot for the advancement of the current decontamination technology.