나말려초 高僧碑文의 후백제·후고구려 관련 기록 검토 = A Study on the References to Later Goguryeo and Later Baekje in Buddhist Epitaphs (Gosŭngbi) from the Late Silla to Early Goryeo Period

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Negative references to Later Goguryeo, Later Baekje, and their rulers Gung Ye and Gyeon Hwon often appear in Buddhist epitaphs (gosŭngbi) from late Silla to early Goryeo. Representative examples include the Steles of Yoeo at Seounsa, Jincheol at Gwangjosa, Jingong at Biroam, and Gwangja at Daeansa. Mostly composed by Choi Eon-wi after Goryeo’s foundation, they label the rebel forces as “traitors,” “villains,” or “evil ones,” blaming them for late Silla’s chaos and legitimizing Taejo Wang Geon’s unification.
The Gwangjosa Jincheol Stele records a dialogue between Wang Geon and the monk I-eom, using terms like “national enemies” and “two villains,” understood as Gung Ye and Gyeon Hwon. The Biroam Jingong Stele’s “foreign invaders” conveys the same meaning. The Seounsa Yoeo and Gwangjosa Jincheol inscriptions describe Taejo’s pursuit of the Later Baekje army led by Shin Geom as “Munjoe-majin,” referring to the region near Gaetaesa (today’s Yeonsan–Eunjin area). This “Majin” record, absent in previous Maseong studies, highlights the value of detailed epigraphic review.
The Daeansa Gwangja Stele, written by Son So after Choi’s death, differs by naming Gung Ye and Gyeon Hwon directly. Conversely, the Oknyongsa Dongjin Stele portrays Gyeon Hwon positively, emphasizing his devotion to the monk Gyeongbo, his close associate. This likely reflects both the availability of detailed records and the historian Kim Jeong-eon’s effort toward factual accuracy.