일본의 코로나19 대응과 정책결정과정 = Japan s COVID-19 Responses and Policy-Making Processes

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

本研究は、日本政府か新型コロナウイルスを巡り、世論から否定的な評価を受けて いるにもかかわらず消極的で緩慢な対応を続けている点に疑問を提起し、コロナ対応における日本政府の政策決定過程を分析することを目標とする。そのために、政策決 定過程に影響を及ぼす「構造「行為者」「環境要因」を中心に、それぞれの要因か政策決 定にどのように影響したかを探った。分析の結果、日本のコロナ対応は、「新型コロ ナウイルス対策本部」を中心とする少数の政策決定者および集団という「権力集中型構造」においてトップダウン式の意思決定がなされ、「対策本訑」や「専門家会議」/「分科会 」の新型コロナウイルスに対する認識·分析·判断が検査や隔離、防疫などのコロナ対応に影響を与えるとともに、東京五輪の開催および習近平·中国国家主席の訪曰を通じた日中関係の改善を目指すという環境要因が作用していたことがわかった。具体的には、唯一無二の政策決定機関である「対策本部」が強力な権限を有し、官邸中心の主導権を握って影響力を行使することができた。また、日本の政策決定者および専門家らは、コロナが特定の状況(3密)で感染を引き起こす確率が高い特性を持っていると判断し、こうした特定の条件を避けるクラスター対策を採用した。事態の深刻さに関して「感染者數」よりも「重傷者數」に重点を置いたことも、大きな影響を及ぼした。加えて、東京五輪の開催という日本特有の状況下で'、感染を抑え込みながら社会·経済的な活動を持続することは可能だということを証明してみせなければならない課題があったことも、日本のコロナ対応に向けた政策決定に影響を与えていたことが明らかになった。

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to analyze the Japanese government s policy-making process in response to COVID-19 by questioning the reason why the Japanese government has been responding in a passive and lukewarm manner despite negative public opinion. In this study, I analyzed how each main factor, structure, actors, and environmental factors influenced the policy-making process. The study s results indicate that the Japanese government s responses to COVID-19 were based on the Novel Coronavirus Response Headquarters, and they took a top-down approach in the power-centered structure conducted by a small number of political actors and groups. Specifically, the only policy-making organization, the Headquarters, had a considerable authority centered on the Prime Minister s Office of Japan and was able to take the initiative and exercise its influence. Moreover, Japanese policymakers and experts have identified that COVID-19 has characteristics that are more likely to occur in certain conditions (closed spaces, crowded places, close-contact settings), and thus adopted cluster responses to avoid certain conditions. Also, the Japanese government considered the seriousness of the situation focusing on the number of severe or critical cases not just the number of the infected and non-severe cases. Additionally, the unique situation in which Japan found itself needing to prove its socioeconomic activities while controlling infections in order to host the Tokyo Olympics has affected Japan's policy decision to respond to COVID-19.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 이창민, "코로나19의 충격과 일본경제" 한국일어일문학회 115 : 43-65, 2020

2 김지현, "코로나19의 사회영향과 SDGs 대응과제" 한국아시아학회 23 (23): 1-42, 2020

3 남기정, "코로나19가 한일관계 변화에 주는 함의 : 국제정치에 미치는 문명사적 영향에 주목하여" 현대일본학회 (52) : 35-63, 2020

4 최은미, "코로나19(COVID-19) 사태에 대한 일본의 위기관리대응과 향후전망" 아산정책연구원 1-23, 2020

5 박승현, "코로나19 팬데믹과 불안억제사회 일본: 재난공동체의 불안과 자숙, 그리고 연대" 한국아시아학회 23 (23): 23-40, 2020

6 김영근, "코로나19 재해 거버넌스에 관한 한일 비교분석" 한국아시아학회 23 (23): 47-74, 2020

7 이은주, "코로나19 사태에 따른 한일교육의 변화 전망 -부등교(不登校) 시대에 따른 학습권의 의의를 중심으로-" 한국일본교육학회 25 (25): 75-90, 2020

8 최은미, "코로나19 대응을 통해 본 국가의 위기관리 유형 연구: 일본 사례를 중심으로" 한국일어일문학회 115 : 67-86, 2020

9 호사카유지, "일본정부의 코로나19 정책 고찰" 사단법인 한국민족연구원 (76) : 62-94, 2020

10 김성조, "일본의 코로나19 대응과 그 평가 : 보건의료 분야의 협력적 거버넌스를 중심으로" 현대일본학회 (52) : 5-33, 2020

11 최은미, "스가(菅義偉) 내각 출범을 통해 본 일본의 정치변동과 향후전망" 아산정책연구원 1-63, 2020

12 "首相官邸"

13 アジア․パシフィック·イニシアティブ, "新型コロナ対応·民間臨時調査会調査․検証報告書" ディスカヴァー·トゥエンティワン 1-466, 2020

14 "新型コロナウイルス感染症対策本部"

15 "新型コロナウイルス感染症対策分科会"

16 "新型コロナウイルス感染症対策"

17 "国立感染症研究所"

18 "厚生労働省"

19 Zimmerman, Rae, "The Relationship of Emergency Management to Governmental Policies on Man-Made Technological Disasters" 45 : 29-39, 1985

20 Bloomberg, "The Covid Resilience Ranking - The Best and Worst Places to Be in Covid: U.S. Sinks in Ranking"

21 Lodge, Martin, "COVID-19 as the ultimate leadership challenge: making critical decisions without enough data"

22 Deep Knowledge Group, "COVID-19 Regional Safety Assessment 250 Countries, Regions & Territories"

23 보건복지부, "2015 메르스백서" 보건복지부 2016