미국 학교 내 종교교육과 종교의 자유에 대한 연구 = A Study of the Religious Education and the Freedom of Religion in the United States

국문 초록 (Abstract)

역사적으로 미국의 공교육에서의 종교의 문제는 국가적 의제로 다루어져 왔고, 현대 사회에서도 중요한 화두로 지속적으로 논의되고 있다. 특히 공립학교 내에서의 기도와 같은 종교의식 문제와 창조론/진화론 교과과정 문제는 미국 사법사에 큰 논란거리가 되어왔다. 미대법원은 이 문제들을 헌법에 근거하여 정교분리원칙을 고수하였지만. 이에 대한 반대 세력이 없지 않았다 본 연구는 수정헌법의 해석이 판례 등을 통하여 어떻게 발전해 왔는지를 전반적으로 살펴보다 종교교육 관련 판례를 검토하여 소개하는 데에 의의가 있다. 이글은 기본적으로 본 연구의 목적에 따라 전체적인 쟁점들을 소개하는데 제한되며, 이를 기초 자료로 활용하여 차후 연구에 도움이 되는데 기여 하는데 의의를 가진다. 한국 사회에서 학교 내 종교의 자유의 문제는 매우 복잡하여 교내에서의 강제적 채플수업, 예배강제, 종교 사학의 선교의 자유, 학생의 신앙의 자유 등 다양한 문제가 발생하는 난해한 사안이고 아직도 완전히 해소 되였다고 하기 어렵다, 이에 대한 다수의 연구가 존재 하지만, 미국의 사례를 종합적으로 개설한 연구는 찾기 어렵다. 따라서 본 글은 미국 공교육 내 종교교육과 종교의 자유의 문제를 종합적으로 개설하여, 차후 좀 더 심도 있는 연구를 위해서 참고할만한 외국의 사례 제공하고자 한다. 미 연방법원은 학교 내 기도와 관련하여 학교 당국의 직 간접적으로 개입한 학교 내 기도는 일관되게 부정하고 있다. 그러나 묵상기도와 관련해서는 아직도 이를 허용하는 주법률들이 존재하고 있고 앞으로도 이 문제에 대하여 다시 연방 대법원에서 다룰 수 있을지 도 모른다 또한 학생들에 의해 개시되고 진행된 경우는 최근 연방 대법원례는 해당 방침을 위헌으로 보았고, 추후 지켜보아야할 부분이 없지는 않지만, 지금까지의 판례의 흐름으로 보아 큰 이변은 없을것으로 보인다 수정헌법 제1조에 비추어 보아 공립학교 교과과정에서 종교의 역할에 대해 법원의 견해는 대체적으로 일관성을 보여준다 기본적으로 특정 종파 편향적인 종교 주입식, indoctrinating, 교육을 금하고 있으나, 세속적인, secular, 객관적인 그리고 비주입식 방법을 택할 경우에는 종교 관련 교육이 허용된다고 본다 그러나 진화론/창조론이 문제되었을 때는 첫째 진화론을 하나의 종교로 보지 않고, 둘째 반진화론적 법률이나 방침들은 일관되게 위헌 판결이 나왔다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The religious issues in the public education of the US have been a matter of national agenda, and the subject matter is still discussed. Especially, issues such as performing religious rituals, including prayers in the public school and such as creationism v. evolutionism debate in the curriculum of the public school have been acontroversial issue in the history of the American justice Generally speaking, the supreme courts decided the cases according the establishment clause. However, there were opposing views as well.79) One of the significances of the study lies on examining and reviewing court cases related to religious education and religious freedom in order to manifest how the interpretation of the amendment evolved over history. The study is limited to introducing overall issues, and providing basic resources applicable for future study This study is relevant to South Korea as long as the complicated religious freedom issues are still an on-going controversy. The issues involves coercive chapel course, coercive worship service, the freedom of evangelism for the religious private schools, and the freedom of religion of the students. Although there are numerous researches on this matter, it is quite difficult to find a research introducing the overall case of the US. Therefore, this work attempts to provide foreign cases in order to delve into furter serious research by introducing overall issues related to the religious education and the freedom of religion in the US. The federal supreme court of the US constantly decided unconstitutional when the school authority is directly or indirectly intervened in the practice of school prayers. However, there are still some states permitting silent prayers in public schools, and there is a possibility that the federal supreme court would hear the case Furthermore, a school district policy of permitting prayers initiated and performed voluntarily by students in football games had been found uncomstitutional. According to the First Amendment, the court manifested a consistent perstpective in regard to the role of religion in the curriculum of the public schools. While a prejudiced religious education showing preference to a particular religion and a method of indoctrination of religion are forbidden, when secular, objective and non-indoctrinating method is taken, education related to religion is permitted. However, in regard to the creationism v. evolutionism, the court did not see evolution as a religion and constantly found anti-evolutionary laws unconstitytional.

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