COVID-19 impact on city and region: what’s next after lockdown?

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

COVID-19 is unique in that it is spread through everyday contact with other people. Therefore, social protective measures, beyond medical protective measures, such as social distancing, lockdowns, border closures, and human tracing are initiated to control the spread of COVID-19. Such responses have produced secondary issues such as drastic changes in people’s way of life and work, housing instability, economic shock, and privacy issues. This paper examines the four domains of urban and regional issues related to the secondary impact of COVID-19, including (1) social distancing, urban structure, community, and density; (2) housing affordability; (3) lockdowns, border closures, reshoring, and regional economic recovery; and (4) smart city technology, contact tracing, and privacy. The following six recommendations have been proposed. First, institutional and cultural factors are more important than urban features, such as population density. To handle infectious diseases such as COVID-19, it is important to build systems, technology, infrastructure, and urban structures that can strengthen resilience instead of implementing a directionless policy of dispersion. Second, it is necessary to improve accessibility to essential services at the community level, including medical facilities and food supply. Third, continuous effort should be made to boost housing affordability, as it is directly related to people’s basic life. Fourth, measures are needed to protect those people who are socioeconomically disadvantaged. There is also the need to restore global trade and economic relations. Fifth, since data technology-based COVID-19 control raises the human tracing and privacy issue, we must ensure the principles of privacy management, such as transparency and voluntary consent, are being met. Finally, since COVID-19 is spread through people, individuals may become anxious and fearful of others without grounds; this may increase prejudice and hatred, including xenophobia. Significant social effort is needed to overcome such ill-defined anxiety and fear and maintain a healthy civil society.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 UK Government, "“Flexible working” from contracts of employment and working hours"

2 ILO, "policy framework for responding to the COVID-19 crisis. ILO Policy Brief on COVID-19"

3 Streitfeld, D., "White-collar companies race to be last to return to the office"

4 Lee, K. O., "What happens to household formation in a recession?" 76 : 93-109, 2013

5 Kourtit Karima, "The urban data deluge: challenges for smart urban planning in the third data revolution" 도시과학연구원 24 (24): 445-461, 2020

6 Jung Won Sonn, "The smart city as time-space cartographer in COVID-19 control: the South Korean strategy and democratic control of surveillance technology" Informa UK Limited 61 (61): 482-492, 2020

7 Ciro Indolfi, "The Outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy" Elsevier BV 2 (2): 1414-1418, 2020

8 Abe, S., "The Global Rise of Asian Transformation" 217-232, 2014

9 U.S. Department of the Treasury, "The CARES act works for all Americans"

10 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, "Smart city technology makes Covid-19 patients trajectories faster and more accurate"

11 Sonn Jung Won, "Smart city technologies for pandemic control without lockdown" 도시과학연구원 24 (24): 149-151, 2020

12 Keating, D., "Rural areas may be the most vulnerable during the coronavirus outbreak"

13 손정원, "Revisiting the branch plant syndrome: Review of literature on foreign direct investment and regional development in Western advanced economies" 도시과학연구원 16 (16): 243-259, 2012

14 De Backer, K., "Reshoring: Myth or reality?. OECD Science" OECD Publishing 2016

15 Eckhoff, D., "Privacy in the smart city—applications, technologies, challenges, and solutions" 20 (20): 489-516, 2018

16 World Trade Organization, "Press release"

17 Markusen, J. R., "Part of the Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation book series (ESTI, Volume 12)" Springer US 9-32, 1998

18 Litman, T., "Pandemic-resilient community planning" Victoria Transport Policy Institute 2020

19 Ienca, M., "On the responsible use of digital data to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic" 26 (26): 463-464, 2020

20 Ellram, L. M., "Offshoring and reshoring: An update on the manufacturing location decision" 49 (49): 14-22, 2013

21 Mobile Index, "Mobile Index data on ‘social distancing campaign participation’"

22 Mark Tewdwr-Jones, "Levelling the Uneven Playing Field: Inward Investment, Interregional Rivalry and the Planning System" Informa UK Limited 34 (34): 429-440, 2000

23 "Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC)"

24 Park, S., "Information technology–based tracing strategy in response toCOVID-19 in South Korea — privacy controversies" 323 (323): 2129-, 2020

25 Barker, Gary, "How might buyers and seller priorities change in the post-COVID housing market?" Forbes 2020

26 Kretchmer, H., "How coronavirus has hit employment in G7 economies"

27 Aizawa, T., "Housing inequality in developing Asia and the United States : Will common problems mean common solutions" 22 (22): 23-60, 2020

28 UK Government, "Housing and accommodation during coronavirus" Ministry of housing, communities & local government

29 George Galster, "Housing affordability: a framing, synthesis of research and policy, and future directions" 도시과학연구원 25 (25): 7-58, 2021

30 Paul Hirst, "Globalization and the future of the nation state" Informa UK Limited 24 (24): 408-442, 1995

31 ACI World Wide Research, "Global ecommerce retail sales up 209 percent in April"

32 UN, "First person: South Korea’s COVID-19 success story" UN News

33 Herb, J., "Federal government ramps up work from home amid worker frustration"

34 Bals, L., "Exploring the reshoring and insourcing decision making process: Toward an agenda for future research" 9 (9): 102-116, 2016

35 Peck, H., "Drivers of supply chain vulnerability: An integrated framework" 35 (35): 210-232, 2005

36 Basher, R., "Disaster risks research and assessment to promote risk reduction and management"

37 Gasser, U., "Digital tools against COVID-19:Framing the ethical challenges and how to address them"

38 Citizens Housing Planning Council, "Density & COVID-19 in New York City"

39 Andy Pike, "Coping with deindustrialization in the global North and South" Informa UK Limited 1-22, 2020

40 Patsy Healey, "Citizen-generated local development initiative: recent English experience" 도시과학연구원 19 (19): 109-118, 2015

41 Mank, C., "COVID-19: Effects on payment obligation in Germany"

42 ILO, "COVID-19 causes devastating losses in working hours and employment. ILO Newsroom"

43 Abe, M., "Building resilient supply chains against natural disasters : The cases of Japan and Thailand" 14 (14): 567-586, 2013

44 Patranabis, S., "Are slums more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Mumbai"

45 Stephan M. Wagner, "An empirical investigation into supply chain vulnerability" Elsevier BV 12 (12): 301-312, 2006