Enhancing the operational efficiency of water supply systems is crucial for sustainable water resource management and ensuring a stable water supply. The Revenue Water Ratio (RWR) is a key indicator used to assess this efficiency. To improve the Reven...
Enhancing the operational efficiency of water supply systems is crucial for sustainable water resource management and ensuring a stable water supply. The Revenue Water Ratio (RWR) is a key indicator used to assess this efficiency. To improve the Revenue Water Ratio, activities such as pipeline maintenance, leakage detection, and water meter replacement are commonly implemented. However, despite these efforts, there is still a lack of effective methods to evaluate whether these systems are being operated efficiently, particularly in relation to the unique conditions and characteristics of each region.
Previous studies have utilized various methods to evaluate the efficiency of water supply systems. However, many of these studies have not adequately reflected the nuanced differences in water supply conditions across regions or have focused mainly on simple input-output ratios. As a result, they have faced
limitations in developing concrete and practical evaluation methods that account for regional specificities.
This study utilizes Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to identify the key factors influencing the improvement of the RWR and to examine the structural relationships among various Revenue Water Ratio enhancement projects. To evaluate the effectiveness of these projects, two scenarios were constructed. Scenario I employs project volume variables as measurement indicators, focusing on assessing the interactions between variables and their impact on changes in the RWR. Scenario II uses project cost variables, concentrating on analyzing the efficiency of resource allocation relative to project costs.
Through the evaluation of models in each scenario, the optimal model was identified. Based on this model's structure, the data were divided into three segments according to changes in the Revenue Water Ratio, enabling an analysis of the structural characteristics of the projects by regional characteristics. The volume of pipeline maintenance had the most significant impact on changes in RWR in areas with high leakage rates, likely due to the direct effect of maintenance in regions with severely deteriorated pipelines, which led to a reduction in leakage. In contrast, the volume of leakage detection and repair proved more effective in regions aiming for larger improvements in RWR, as the rapid detection and repair of leaks contributed to enhancing the RWR. The volume of water meter replacements contributed differently to RWR improvement across regions, with particularly significant effects in areas where replacing outdated meters improved the accuracy of water flow measurement, thereby enhancing the reliability of water consumption data.
These results indicate that the contribution of key factors can vary depending on regional characteristics and the extent of RWR changes.
Secondly, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied to evaluate the efficiency of water supply systems across different regions. In this analysis, project cost and volume data were used as input variables, while output variables related to RWR increases were employed to assess the efficiency of each project unit. The DEA results revealed that regions with high efficiency were making more effective use of resources, whereas regions with low efficiency showed excessive inputs of certain variables or a lack of sufficient output variables.
Specifically, regions with insufficient pipeline maintenance or inadequate leakage detection activities received low efficiency scores. To enhance efficiency, it was recommended that these regions prioritize pipeline maintenance or intensify leakage detection efforts. This analysis offers a systematic evaluation of the operational status of water supply systems by region and provides valuable foundational data for improving efficiency in less effective areas.
Finally, based on the results of the study utilizing PLS-SEM and DEA, efficient and inefficient local governments were identified, and a comparative analysis was conducted using specific examples from each municipality. This study utilized PLS-SEM and DEA to evaluate the structural characteristics and efficiency of RWR improvement projects. The results allowed for the identification of efficient local governments and the establishment of relationships between the components of
RWR improvement projects, taking regional characteristics into account. These findings offer key data for planning RWR improvement initiatives and resource allocation. This research also establishes a framework for evaluating such projects and supports future studies considering regional factors.