한국어의 대립 접속부사 문법 기술 연구 : '그러나, 그렇지만, 하지만, 그래도, 그럼에도 불구하고, 그런데’를 중심으로 = (A) Study on the Grammar Description of Opposition Conjunctive Adverbs of the Korean Language

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study is aimed at producing specific grammar descriptions that contain discriminating information about each conjunctive adverb by taking as study subject opposition conjunctive adverbs, which are being neglected in the current education for teaching Korean as a foreign language. For this, after considering "whether they have been included in the textbooks used at educational institutes for the Korean language" and the "frequency of their usages", the author limited the study subject to '그러나, 그렇지만, 하지만, 그래도, 그럼에도 불구하고, 그런데.'
Native Korean speakers do not need discriminating education for these conjunctive adverbs because even if they do not know the exact discriminating meanings of them, they can use them in natural ways with their intuition. However, if foreigners, who learn Korean as a foreign language, are not provided with information about discriminating them and about intentions for their pragmatic expressions, they are likely not only to lose their learning motivations for new conjunctive adverbs but also to use them awkward. Furthermore, even if the foreign learners become advanced learners, they would fail to express or understand speakers' intentions from small differences.
According to an analysis on the Korean language textbooks and the three grammar books on the Korean language of five representative Korean language education institutes, these books not only fail to provide information about discriminating these conjunctive adverbs but also explain them in excessively simple ways. Chapter II treats these opposition conjunctive adverbs in structural, syntactic, and semantic meanings, and on the basis of the results, chapter III suggests new grammar descriptions. These meanings include pragmatic ones along with basic syntactic ones because the discrimination of each opposition conjunctive adverb is formed on the basis of its pragmatic meanings.
The "structural information", shows that all the opposition conjunctive adverbs originated from ‘그러하다’ and have many meaningful and functional relations with the conjunctive endings which they have structuralally combined with. The "syntactic information", which took a look at "subject limits", "limits of the mood in the previous and the following sentence", "negation limits", "usage limits", "duplication" and "inversion", shows that all of them almost do not have syntactic limits but have conditional limits. The "semantic information" takes a look at the three categories of '{그러나, 그렇지만, 하지만}' that have mainly the meaning of "contrast," '{그래도, 그럼에도 불구하고}' that have mainly the meaning of "concession," and '{그런데}' that have mainly the meaning of "conversion." Though they all present "opposition," they give different nuances because of their fundamental premised meaning qualities. Also, while '그러나, 그럼에도 불구하고' with strong formality are used in formal situations like in written language so as to express a firm intention, '그렇지만, 하지만, 그래도' with little formality are used in informal situations like in spoken language so as to express a intention for caring the listener. '그런데' is widely used both in written language and in spoken language, and expresses formality or politeness under specific situations.
Chapter III describes the characteristics of the opposition conjunctive adverbs that are classified in "structural, syntactic, and semantic" meanings through comparing them by the "level of nuance", the "level of formality", and the "level of politeness." Also the chapter individually describes the characteristics of the opposition conjunctive adverbs with tables, and suggests enhanced discriminating information by attaching "supplemented and advanced ones" to them.
This study has a meaning in dealing with opposition conjunctive adverbs by including their pragmatic meanings in discourses and in giving a try to specifically describe the Korean grammar with individual and comparing descriptions by the standards of pragmatism. It is hoped that this study could help foreign learners, who have no intuition for the Korean language, reduce their awkward Korean expressions, and success in accomplishing an excellent Korean language communication skills for catching the speaker's subtle intentions.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론 1
• 1. 연구 목적 및 필요성 1
• 2. 기존의 연구 5
• 3. 문제 제기 9
• 3.1. 한국어 교재 분석 9
• 3.2. 한국어 문법서 분석 15
• 4. 연구 범위 및 연구 방법 21
• Ⅱ. 대립을 나타내는 접속부사 연구 24
• 1. 형태적 정보 24
• 2. 통사적 정보 29
• 2.1. 주어 제약 31
• 2.2. 서법 제약 34
• 2.3. 부정 제약 40
• 2.4. 사용 범위 44
• 2.5. 중복 및 도치 57
• 3. 의미적 정보 65
• 3.1. 의미군 분류 기준 65
• 3.2. {그러나, 그렇지만, 하지만} 67
• 3.2.1. 공통 의미 67
• 3.2.2. 변별 의미 75
• 3.2.2.1. {그러나} {그렇지만, 하지만} 75
• 3.2.2.2. {그렇지만} {하지만} 80
• 3.3. {그래도, 그럼에도 불구하고} 83
• 3.3.1. 공통 의미 83
• 3.3.2. 변별 의미 90
• 3.3.2.1. {그래도} {그럼에도 불구하고} 90
• 3.4. {그런데} 94
• Ⅲ. 대립 접속부사 문법 항목의 기술(記述) 103
• 1. 문법 항목의 기술 원리 103
• 2. 대립 접속부사 문법 기술 107
• 2.1. 비교 기술 107
• 2.1.1. 어감의 정도 107
• 2.1.2. 격식성의 정도 109
• 2.1.3. 공손성의 정도 111
• 2.2. 개별 기술 112
• 2.2.1. 그러나 112
• 2.2.2. 그렇지만 114
• 2.2.3. 하지만 115
• 2.2.4. 그래도 117
• 2.2.5. 그럼에도 불구하고 118
• 2.2.6. 그런데 120
• Ⅳ. 결론 122
• 참고문헌 127
• 참고자료 133
• Abstract 135