朝鮮時代 神道碑의 龜趺 硏究 = A Study on Turtle-Shaped Base of Sindobi in Joseon Period

국문 초록 (Abstract)

조선시대는 다양한 묘제석물이 세워진 시기였다. 석물들 가운데에도 신도비는 규모면에서 가장 큰 비석이었고, 신도비 중 대좌가 귀부인 경우는 더욱 귀하였다. 본 연구에 앞서 이러한 귀부 신도비가 특정 계층들을 중심으로 세워진 점을 확인할 수 있었고, 귀부 대좌가 일반의 대좌와 어떤 차이가 있는지 제작과정 등을 통해 상세히 살펴보았다. 그리고 조선시대에 지속적으로 세워진 귀부의 형상에 따라 유형별로 구분하고, 각 시기별로 양식을 고찰하여 변화과정을 살펴보았다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

A Stele is inscribed the biographical information of the deceased on the stone. Sindobi were erected for the high-class of Joseon dynasty among stele. Especially, it was erected only for the noblemen. The purpose of this thesis is about that examine why turtle-shaped base of Sindobi were produced rarely and how the style of Sindobi had been changed by the time during Joseon period.
The turtle-shaped base of stele were first appeared during Southern and Northern Dynasties period(386–581) in China and it became widespread during Tang dynasty period. These style of stele were spreaded from China into Korea was during 7th century and influenced to Buddhist stele of Korea. Hence, the form of turtle-shaped base of Buddhist stele were used for an element of Sindobi and it were spreaded widely during Joseon period.
Turtle-shaped base of Sindobi(神道碑 龜趺) were erected under royal patron of Joseon dynasty during early Joseon period. But, it became erect under patron of Sadaebu(the scholar-gentry class) after 1456 due to the stele were erected at royal tomb became forbidden during the Reign of King Sejo(世祖). Early Sindobi were erected for royal family and relatives of royal family by marriage. Retainers of Jungjong(定宗) Restoration promoted to erect Sindobi after Jungjong Restoration and it were continued until late Joseon period.
But, we can find the evidence through inscription that generally it were erected only for highest class due to the expense for erecting Sindobi. Stele were easy to inscribe on polished stone, but turtle-shaped base stone were impossible to produce immediately which needs enough time to have a stepping-stone process, so the Joseon imperial government patronized for erecting Shindobi due to it need over thousands of people to hauling. Thus, There has a limitation to patronize to erect Shindobi that were why rarely produced turtle-shaped base of Sindobi.
Various types of turtle-shaped base of Joseon Sindobis were produced for 500years. Mainly, Sindobi were divided to two types; Type(I) is towards the front of the body of turtle which is a general form and Type(II) is towards the side of the body of turtle.
Each type is divided into two subtypes; first type(가) is towards the front of the head of turtle and second type(나) is turned the head of turtle to the side. Especially, type(나) has a signification that it expressed mystical phenomenon which based on the ancient chinese inscription. But, most of turtle-shaped base of Sindobi is type I-(가) which follows traditional form of turtle-shaped base.
The style of turtle-shaped base of Sindobi were changed variously. Partially, it is derived from the style of Buddhist stele(塔碑) of the Goryeo Dynasty(高麗), but it was changed after the Reign of King Sejong(世宗); motifs of tale and paw of turtle base of Chinese stele at royal tomb in China was used partially, but motifs of head of turtle base and lotus leaf shaped-pedestal(碑座) were the unique characteristics of Joseon period. Thus, this style of turtle-shaped base of Sindobi was flourished generally.
Whereas, this style was not continue during 16th century; the size of Sindobi became smaller and delicate expression was disappeared. Furthermore, type(II) of turtle-shaped base of Sindobi was appeared newly which is identical as general sized-pedestal of Sindobi.
After Japanese Invasion of Korea(1592–98), the revival style of Sindobi were appeared during 17th century; stylistically, the Shindobi of the Joseon royal family was derived from the style of turtle-shaped base of Sindobi of the 15th century and the Sindobi of Sadaebu(the scholar-gentry class) were influenced by the style of Buddhist stele of the Goryeo period partially. And the size of Shindobi became bigger and stylistically, head of turtle shaped base changed to head of dragon shaped which combined with body of turtle base; this style was changed from the style of turtle-shaped base of Sindobi of the 15th century which is a distinctive style from Chinese style of stele.
The style of Sindobi which has a delicate expression and a splendid decoration was developed. Thus, the turtle-shaped base of Sindobi became formalize again and finally, this style was disappeared after the fall of Joseon dynasty.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• I. 머리말 = 1
• 1. 연구개요 = 1
• 2. 용어정리 = 4
• II. 龜趺碑石의 기원과 전개 = 7
• 1. 陵墓碑의 기원에 관한 史料 분석 = 7
• 2. 중국에서 龜趺碑石의 출현과 확산 = 13
• 3. 한반도의 龜趺碑石 유입과 전개 = 16
• III. 朝鮮時代 神道碑의 건립과 龜趺의 제작과정 = 19
• 1. 朝鮮時代 龜趺의 출현과 확산 = 19
• 2. 조선시대 神道碑의 재건과 배경 = 26
• 1) 朝鮮王陵 神道碑의 재건과 배경 = 27
• 2) 士大夫의 神道碑 재건과 배경 = 33
• 3. 조선시대 神道碑와 龜趺의 제작과정 = 40
• 1) 石材의 産地와 특징 = 41
• 2) 비석과 귀부의 제작시간과 운송과정 = 53
• IV. 朝鮮時代 神道碑 龜趺의 유형과 특징 = 71
• 1. I 유형 = 72
• 1) I-(가) = 72
• 2) I-(나) = 74
• 2. II 유형 = 77
• 1) II-(가) = 77
• 2) II-(나) = 79
• 3. 각 유형별 제작시기 = 81
• V. 朝鮮時代 神道碑 龜趺의 樣式과 변천 = 83
• 1. 조선 전기 = 83
• 1) 1기 - 15세기 = 83
• 2) 2기 - 16세기 = 93
• 2. 조선 후기 = 106
• 1) 3기 - 17세기 = 106
• 2) 4기 - 肅宗대 이후 = 129
• VI. 맺음말 = 157
• 【參考文獻】 = 161
• 【表 目錄】 = 164
• 【揷圖 目錄】 = 164
• 【樣式表 目錄】 = 167
• 【圖版 目錄】 = 168
• 【樣式表】 = 169
• 【圖版】 = 185
• 【부록】 = 191