1930년대 소련 군부 숙청의 원인 ― 적군(赤軍) 기병 지휘관의 이력 분석을 중심으로 ― = The Cause of the Purge against the Red Army in the 1930s — Based on the Career Analysis of the Red Cavalry Commanders —

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

,

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article analyzes the relations between the Red Cavalry commanders and the Purge against the Red Army (or “The Tukhachevskii Affair”) in the late 1930s. According to previous historiography on the Purge, M. N. Tukhachevskii and other purged commanders were the champions of progress in the face of the obscurantism of the Red Cavalry. This is part of the underlying assumptions and myths that have dominated the literature on the mechanization program and the Red Cavalry before World War II.
There emerge three questions on the relations between the Red Cavalry commanders and the Purge. Firstly, was previous historiography on the Purge correct in believing that the Red Cavalry commanders were safe from the Purge? Secondly, even if not all the Red Cavalry commanders were exempt from the Purge, were the cavalry commanders who had some personal connection with Stalin and Voroshilov, specifically the former members in the 1st Cavalry Army (Pervaia konnaia armiia), actually safe from the Purge? Third and last, were the victims purged for political reasons only? To answer these questions, this article attempts to explain the Purge, focusing on the commanders’ social background and career analysis.
Actually, the cause of the Purge was not the unfortunate end of the mechanization debate or the conflict between cavalry commanders and tank commanders. While the Purge certainly caused heavy attrition, it can hardly be regarded as the destruction of the ‘pro-mechanizers’ around Tukhachevskii by the cavalry commanders. That is, the tank enthusiasts around Tukhachevskii cannot be seen as a special target of the Purge; the cavalry commanders also suffered in the Purge, contrary to previous historiography.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Robert Service, "스탈린, 강철 권력" A Biography 2005

2 A. V. Filimonov, "‘Osobaia papka’ na komdiva K.K. Rokossovskogo" (9) : 2006

3 Sbornik lits, "nagrazhdennykh ordenom Krasnogo znameni i pochetnym r evoliutsionnym oruziem" Voenizdat 1926

4 G. K. Zhukov, "Vospominaniia i razmyshleniia, 2 vols" Olma-Press 2002

5 N. Iu. Kuleshova, "Voenno-doktrinal’nye ustanovskii Stalinskogo rukovodstva i repressi v Krasnoi Armii kontsa 1930-kh godov" (2) : 2001

6 V. P. Goremykin, "Velikaia Otechestvennaia. Komdivy: Voennyi biograficheskii slovar’, 3 vols" Kuchkovo Pole 2011

7 M. G. Vozhakin, "Velikaia Otechestvennaia. Komandarmy: Voennyi biograficheskii slovar" Kuchkovo pole 2005

8 V. M. Ivanov, "Tukhachevskii" Voenizdat 1990

9 D. A. Volkogonov, "Triumf i tragediia: Politicheskii portret I. V. Stalina" Novosti 1990

10 V. Rapoport, "Treason: Essays on the History of the Red Army 1918-1938" Duke University Press 1985

11 Oleg Fedotovich Suvenirov, "Tragediia RKKA, 1937–1938" Terra 1998

12 Oleg Fedotovich Suvenirov, "Tragediia Krasnoi Armii" Eksmo 2009

13 I. Lukes, "The Tukhachevsky Affair and President Edvard Benes" (7) : 1996

14 P. W. Blackstock, "The Tukhachevsky Affair" (28) : 1969

15 Ilya I. Kuznetsov, "The Soviet Military Advisors in Mongolia 1921-39" (4) : 1999

16 John Erickson, "The Soviet High Command : A Military-Political History 1918-1941" St. Martin’s 1962

17 Richard Harrison, "The Russian Way of War: Operational Art, 1904-1940" University Press of Kansas 2001

18 E. Wollenberg, "The Red Army" Secker & Warburg 1938

19 J. A. Armstrong, "The Politics of Totalitarianism: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1934 to the Present" Random House 1961

20 Dmitri Fedotoff-White, "The Growth of the Red Army" Princeton University Press 1944

21 Robert Conquest, "The Great Terror : Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties" Macmillan 1968

22 Stephane Courtois, "The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression" Harvard University Press 1999

23 D. M. Shein, "Tanki vedet Rybalko: Boevoi put’ 3-ei Gvardeiskoi tankovoi armii" Eksmo 2007

24 V. S. Antonov, "Taina zagovora Tukhachevskogo" (4) : 1998

25 David M. Glantz, "Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War" University Press of Kansas 1998

26 Mary Habeck, "Storm of Steel: The Development of Armor Doctrine in Germany and the Soviet Union, 1919-1939" Cornell University Press 2003

27 Roger R. Reese, "Stalin’s Reluctant Soldiers: A Social History of the Red Army 1925–1941" University Press of Kansas 1996

28 Roger R. Reese, "Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives" Cambridge University Press 1993

29 G. Rittersporn, "Stalinist Simplifications and Soviet Complications: Social Tensions and Political Conflicts in the USSR 1933-1953" Harwood Academic Pub 1991

30 R. C. Tucker, "Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above 1928-1941" Norton 1992

31 Sergei Minakov, "Stalin i zagovor generalov" Eksmo 2005

32 Sheila Fitzpatrick, "Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939" (38) : 1979

33 Shtab RKKA, "Spisok lits s vysshim obshchim voennym obrazovaniem sostoiashchikh na sluzhbe v Raboche-krest’ianskoi krasnoi armii" Voennaia tipografiia Shtaba RKKA 1923

34 "Sovetskaia voennaia entsiklopediia, 8 vols" Voenizdat 1976

35 A. Ia. Soshnikov, "Sovetskaia kavaleriia: Voenno-istoricheskii ocherk" Voenizdat 1984

36 L. E Reshin, "Shchadenko, Zaporozhets, Kirponos, Kavalev, Konev–Zagovorshchiki?" (2) : 1994

37 Vladimir S. Mil’bakh, "Repression in the 57th Special Corps(Mongolian People’s Republic)" (1) : 2002

38 Oleg Fedotovich Suvenirov, "Repressii v partiorganizatsii RKKA v 1937-1938" (6) : 1991

39 Roger R. Reese, "Red Commanders: A Social History of the Soviet Army Officer Corps 1918-1991" University Press of Kansas 2005

40 R. A. Savushkin, "Razvitie sovetskikh vooruzhennykh sil i voennogo iskusstva v mezhvoennyi period (1921-iiun’ 1941 gg.)" VPA imini V. I. Lenina 1989

41 Nikolai Semenovich Cherushev, "Rasstreliannaia elita RKKA : 1937-1941" Kuchkovo pole 2012

42 S. M. Budennyi, "Proidennyi put’, 3 vols" Voenizdat 1958

43 A. N. Kiselev, "Polkovodtsy i voenachal’niki Velikoi otechestvennoi: Sbornik, 3 vols" Molodaia gvardiia 1970

44 A. K. Apal’kov, "Podvigi vo imia otchizny: Dokumental’nye ocherki o Geroiakh Sovetskogo Soiuza, ruozhentsakh Khar’kova i Khar’kovskoi oblasti" Prapor 1985

45 N. E. Eleiseva, "Plans for the Development of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army(RKKA)on the Eve of War" 8 : 1995

46 G. D. Obichkin, "Perepiska Sekretariata Tsk RKP (b) s mestnymi partiinymi organizatsiiami: Sbornik dokumentov" Gosizdat 1957

47 Iu. Petrov, "Partiinoe stroitel’stvo v sovetskoi armii i flote 1918-1961" Voenizdat 1964

48 J. A. Getty, "Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party Reconsider ed 1933-1938" Cambridge University Press 1985

49 S. A. Maev, "Ogon’, bronia, manevr, 2 vols" Glavnoe avtobronetankovoe upravlenie MO RF 1999

50 V. Suvorov, "Ochishchenie: Zachem Stalin obezglavil svoiu armiiu?" AST 1998

51 M. A. Gareev, "Obshchevoiskovye ucheniia" Voenizdat 1990

52 V. V. Osipov, "Obshchevoiskovye manevry kak vysshaia forma obucheniia voisk" (7) : 1988

53 V. M. Borodulina, "Navechno v serdtse narodnom" Belorusskaia sov. Entsiklopediia 1984

54 G. Solonitsyn, "Nachdiv A. Ia. Parkhomenko : K 90-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia" (11) : 1976

55 O. N. Ken, "Mobilizatsionnoe planirovanie i politicheskie resheniia(Konets 1920-seredina 1930-kh godov)" Izd. Evropeiskogo universiteta 2002

56 E. Benes, "Memoirs of Dr. Eduard Benes: From Munich to New War and New Victory" Arno Press 1954

57 A. Aleshin, "Marshaly Sovetskogo Soiuza: Lichnye dela rasskazyvaiut" Liubimaia kniga 1996

58 P. Poluboiarov, "Marshal bronetankovykh voisk P. S. Rybalko(K 90-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia)" (11) : 1984

59 V. V. Karpov, "Marshal Zhukov: Ego soratniki i protivniki v dni voiny i mira" Voennizdat 1992

60 Lev Nikulin, "Marshal Tukhachevskii" Voenizdat 1964

61 A. Zotov, "Marshal Sovetskogo soiuza I. S. Konev" (12) : 1977

62 V. N. Khaustov, "Lubianka: Stalin i Glavnoe upravlenie gosbezopasnosti NKVD, 1937-1938" Demokratiia 2004

63 R. Thurston, "Life and Terror in Stalin’s Russia" Yale University Press 1996

64 P. N. Aleksandrov, "Komadarm Uborevich: Vospominaniia druzei soratnikov" Voenizdat 1964

65 이정하, "K.E. 보로쉴로프와 적군(赤軍) 기병대: 기술결정론 (Technical Determinism)에 대한 반론" 한국서양사연구회 (49) : 123-154, 2013

66 I. Kolesnichenko, "K voprosuo konflikte v Revvoensovete Iuzhnogo Fronta" (2) : 1962

67 A. A. Grechko, "Istoriia Vtoroi mirovoi voiny, 1939-1949, 12 vols" Voenizdat 1972

68 W. G. Krivitsky, "In Stalin’s Secret Service" Harper and Brothers 1939

69 G. A. Kumanev, "Govoriat stalinskie narkomy" Rusich 2005

70 K. M. Simonov, "Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia: Razmyshleniia o I. V. Staline" Novosti 1988

71 A. O. Belykh, "Glavnoe avtobronetankovoe upravlenie: Liudi, sobytiia, fakty v dokumentakh, 5 vols" Ministerstvo oborony RF 2004

72 V. A. Zhilin, "Geroi-tankisty 1943-1945 gg" Eksmo 2008

73 A. A. Berezovskii, "Geroi-osvoboditeli Cherkasshchiny" Promin 1980

74 I. V. Stavitskii, "Geroi, polkovodets, communist(K 90-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia Marshala Sovetskogo soiuza I. S. Koneva)" (12) : 1987

75 A. M. Sinitsyn, "Geroi ognennykh let: Ocherki o moskvichakh-geroiakh Sovetskogo Soiuza, 8 vols" Moskovskii rabochii 1975

76 I. N. Shkadov, "Geroi Sovetskogo Soiuza: Kratkii biograficheskii slovar’, 2 vols" Voenizdat 1987

77 M. V. Zakharov, "General’nyi shtab v predvoennye gody" Voenizdat 1989

78 "Fond R7523, 소련 최고 소비에트 Verkhovnyi sovet SSSR"

79 "Fond 900, 제17보병군단 Upravlenie 17 strelkovogo korpusa"

80 "Fond 9, 적군(赤軍) 정치국 Politichesko upravlenie RKKA"

81 "Fond 4, 국방인민위원회 Upravlenie delami pri narodnom komissare oborony"

82 "Fond 31983, 적군 전투훈련국 Upravlenie boevoi podgotovki krasnoi armii"

83 "Fond 191, 제8군 Upravlenie 8 armii"

84 "Fond 17, 소련공산당중앙위원회 Ts entral’nyi Komitet KPSS (TsK KPSS) (1898, 1903-1991)"

85 "Fond 100, 대(對) 크라스노프·데니킨 남부전선군 Upravlenie armiiami iuznogo fronta (protiv Krasnova i Denikina)"

86 G. L. Kholiavskii, "Entsklopediia tankov" Kharvest 2006

87 James Harris, "Encircled by Enemies : Stalin’s Perceptions of the Capitalist World 1918-1941" (30) : 2007

88 D. Dragunskii, "Dvazhdy Geroi Sovetskogo Soiuza P. S. Rybalko" (11) : 1974

89 I. P. Uborevich, "Dva ochaga opasnosti(Vystuplenie komanduiushchego Belorusskim voennym okrugom komandarma 1 ranga na soveshchanii v Zapadnom obkome VLKSM vesnoi 1936 g.)" (10) : 1988

90 Peter Holquist, "Conduct Merciless Mass Terror: Decossackization on the Don, 1919" (38) : 1997

91 Timothy J. Colton, "Commissars, Commanders, and Civilian Authority: The Structure of Soviet Military Politics" Harvard University Press 1979

92 M. Svirin, "Bronia krepka. Istoriia sovetskogo tanka 1919-1937" Eksmo 2005

93 Leonid Kliuev, "Bor’ba za Tsaritsyn 1918-1919 gg. S 7 shemani na otdel’nykh listakh" Gosizdat 1928

94 "Avtobiografiia I. S. Koneva" (2) : 1991

95 Andrei A. Kokoshin, "Armiia i politika: Sovetskaia voenno-politicheskaia i voenno-strategicheskaia mysl’ 1918-1991 gody" Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia 1995

96 M. V. Zakharov, "50 let vooruzhennykh sil SSSR" Voenizdat 1968

97 Nikolai Semenovich Cherushev, "1937 : Elita Krasnoi Armii na Golgofe" Veche 2000