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      국제법과 인류학 : 국제사회의 원시성에 대한 비판적 고찰 = International Law and Anthropology: A Critical Study on the Primitiveness of the International Community

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=A108419498

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      다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

      Is the anthropological approach meaningful to international law? Contrary to existing common sense, there is a case in which legal scholars studied international law academically by discussing primitive society, which was mainly discussed in anthropology. H.L.A. Hart, in particular, argued that international law was analogous to primitive law as a primary rule. Hart quoted anthropologists when discussing primitive law. This study aims to examine the characteristics of the international society by critically approaching Hart's theory of primitive society and examining primitive society from an anthropological perspective. The premise of Hart's modernist view is the inability to separate the governing state from the law. This study criticizes this from the point of view of legal pluralism in anthropology, and attempts to examine the unique characteristics of the international community. By empirically examining the social structure and legal system of the so-called primitive society and considering the thick description thereof, different types of laws and semantic systems may exist. Although Hart points out three limitations of primitive society, it is difficult to accept Hart's argument when considering the context of that society from a different perspective. In such a society, the uncertainty of the law may be perceived differently. Also the legislative process may not necessarily be static. Furthermore, it cannot be concluded that there is no judiciary at all, and it is difficult to conclude that self-help is necessarily ineffective. When viewed outside of the the modernist perspective, the issue of incomplete international law in the international community can be partially resolved, and there is a possibility that the unique legal character of international law can be accepted as it is according to its context. This study points out that the social structure of the international community is different from that of the municipal law based on the nation-state, and accordingly, the meaning system, the imagined reality in the international community, may be different. Borrowing Geertz’s perspective, the international community can be seen to be composed of different forms of distinction between law and fact. International law can be viewed as its own system of meaning that must be interpreted differently from the point of view of members of the international community.
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      Is the anthropological approach meaningful to international law? Contrary to existing common sense, there is a case in which legal scholars studied international law academically by discussing primitive society, which was mainly discussed in anthropol...

      Is the anthropological approach meaningful to international law? Contrary to existing common sense, there is a case in which legal scholars studied international law academically by discussing primitive society, which was mainly discussed in anthropology. H.L.A. Hart, in particular, argued that international law was analogous to primitive law as a primary rule. Hart quoted anthropologists when discussing primitive law. This study aims to examine the characteristics of the international society by critically approaching Hart's theory of primitive society and examining primitive society from an anthropological perspective. The premise of Hart's modernist view is the inability to separate the governing state from the law. This study criticizes this from the point of view of legal pluralism in anthropology, and attempts to examine the unique characteristics of the international community. By empirically examining the social structure and legal system of the so-called primitive society and considering the thick description thereof, different types of laws and semantic systems may exist. Although Hart points out three limitations of primitive society, it is difficult to accept Hart's argument when considering the context of that society from a different perspective. In such a society, the uncertainty of the law may be perceived differently. Also the legislative process may not necessarily be static. Furthermore, it cannot be concluded that there is no judiciary at all, and it is difficult to conclude that self-help is necessarily ineffective. When viewed outside of the the modernist perspective, the issue of incomplete international law in the international community can be partially resolved, and there is a possibility that the unique legal character of international law can be accepted as it is according to its context. This study points out that the social structure of the international community is different from that of the municipal law based on the nation-state, and accordingly, the meaning system, the imagined reality in the international community, may be different. Borrowing Geertz’s perspective, the international community can be seen to be composed of different forms of distinction between law and fact. International law can be viewed as its own system of meaning that must be interpreted differently from the point of view of members of the international community.

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      국문 초록 (Abstract)

      인류학적 접근이 국제법에 유의미한 부분이 있을까? 기존 상식과 달리 법학자들이 원시사회 개념을 통하여 국제사회의 구조를 고찰한 사례가 있다. 특히, H.L.A. Hart는 인류학자들의 글을 인용하며 국제법이 1차규칙으로 원시법과 유사하다고 주장하였다. Hart의 이러한 시각은 국제법학계에도 지대한 영향을 주어왔다. 이에 본 연구는 Hart의 원시사회에 대한 시각이 근대주의적 시각이라 비판하며, 인류학적인 시각에서 국제사회의 구조와 성격을 재고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. Hart의 시각은 근대주의적인 것으로 그 전제에는 통치국가와 법을 분리하지 못하는 사고가 있다. 본 연구는 이를 인류학의 법다원주의적 시각에서 비판하며, 국제사회의 독특한 특성을 고찰하고자 한다. 현실의 원시사회 사회구조와 법체계를 그들의 시각에서 중층기술하여 실증적으로 고찰하여 보았을 때, 다른 형태의 법과 의미체계가 존재할 수 있다. Hart는 원시사회의 문제점 3가지를 지적하지만, 이와 같은 시각에서는 Hart의 주장을 받아들이기 어렵다. 비근대주의적 시각에서는 법의 불확정성이 달리 받아들여질 수 있다. 또한, 원시사회의 입법과정이 정적이라는 것이 당위적으로 받아들여져야 할 필요가 없다. 나아가 원시사회에서 사법부가 아예 없다고 단정할 수도 없고, 자력구제가 반드시 비효율적이라고 단정하기도 어렵다. 근대주의적 시각을 탈피했을 때, 국제법의 구조는 그만의 독특한 법적성격과 그 맥락에 따라 재해석하여 이해될 수 있을 것이다. 필자는 국제사회의 사회구조가 국민국가를 기본으로 하는 국내법의 그것과 차이가 있기에, 다르게 상상된 현실인 그 의미체계의 구성이 국내법과는 다를 수밖에 없다는 점을 지적한다.
      번역하기

      인류학적 접근이 국제법에 유의미한 부분이 있을까? 기존 상식과 달리 법학자들이 원시사회 개념을 통하여 국제사회의 구조를 고찰한 사례가 있다. 특히, H.L.A. Hart는 인류학자들의 글을 인...

      인류학적 접근이 국제법에 유의미한 부분이 있을까? 기존 상식과 달리 법학자들이 원시사회 개념을 통하여 국제사회의 구조를 고찰한 사례가 있다. 특히, H.L.A. Hart는 인류학자들의 글을 인용하며 국제법이 1차규칙으로 원시법과 유사하다고 주장하였다. Hart의 이러한 시각은 국제법학계에도 지대한 영향을 주어왔다. 이에 본 연구는 Hart의 원시사회에 대한 시각이 근대주의적 시각이라 비판하며, 인류학적인 시각에서 국제사회의 구조와 성격을 재고찰하는 것을 목적으로 한다. Hart의 시각은 근대주의적인 것으로 그 전제에는 통치국가와 법을 분리하지 못하는 사고가 있다. 본 연구는 이를 인류학의 법다원주의적 시각에서 비판하며, 국제사회의 독특한 특성을 고찰하고자 한다. 현실의 원시사회 사회구조와 법체계를 그들의 시각에서 중층기술하여 실증적으로 고찰하여 보았을 때, 다른 형태의 법과 의미체계가 존재할 수 있다. Hart는 원시사회의 문제점 3가지를 지적하지만, 이와 같은 시각에서는 Hart의 주장을 받아들이기 어렵다. 비근대주의적 시각에서는 법의 불확정성이 달리 받아들여질 수 있다. 또한, 원시사회의 입법과정이 정적이라는 것이 당위적으로 받아들여져야 할 필요가 없다. 나아가 원시사회에서 사법부가 아예 없다고 단정할 수도 없고, 자력구제가 반드시 비효율적이라고 단정하기도 어렵다. 근대주의적 시각을 탈피했을 때, 국제법의 구조는 그만의 독특한 법적성격과 그 맥락에 따라 재해석하여 이해될 수 있을 것이다. 필자는 국제사회의 사회구조가 국민국가를 기본으로 하는 국내법의 그것과 차이가 있기에, 다르게 상상된 현실인 그 의미체계의 구성이 국내법과는 다를 수밖에 없다는 점을 지적한다.

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      참고문헌 (Reference)

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      2 Griffiths, John, "What is Legal Pluralism?" 18 : 1-55, 1986

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      4 Merry, Sally Engle, "Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle" 108 (108): 38-51, 2006

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      6 Halme-Tuomisaari, Miia, "Toward Rejuvenated Inspiration with the Unbearable Lightness of Anthropology" 115 : 283-288, 2021

      7 Bianchi, Andrea, "The Unbearable Lightness of International Law" 6 (6): 335-359, 2018

      8 Kelly, Tobias, "The UN Committee against Torture: Human Rights Monitoring and the Legal Recognition of Cruelty" 31 (31): 777-800, 2009

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      10 Shankman, Paul, "The Thick and the Thin: On the Interpretive Program of Clifford Geertz" 25 : 261-280, 1984

      1 Masters, Roger D., "World Politics as a Primitive Political System" 16 (16): 595-619, 1964

      2 Griffiths, John, "What is Legal Pluralism?" 18 : 1-55, 1986

      3 Kammerhofer, Jörg, "Uncertainty in International Law: A Kelsenian Perspective" Routledge 2011

      4 Merry, Sally Engle, "Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle" 108 (108): 38-51, 2006

      5 Weil, Prosper, "Towards Relative Normativity in International Law?" 77 : 413-442, 1983

      6 Halme-Tuomisaari, Miia, "Toward Rejuvenated Inspiration with the Unbearable Lightness of Anthropology" 115 : 283-288, 2021

      7 Bianchi, Andrea, "The Unbearable Lightness of International Law" 6 (6): 335-359, 2018

      8 Kelly, Tobias, "The UN Committee against Torture: Human Rights Monitoring and the Legal Recognition of Cruelty" 31 (31): 777-800, 2009

      9 Teubner, Gunther, "The Two Faces of Janus: Rethinking Legal Pluralism" 13 : 119-140, 1992

      10 Shankman, Paul, "The Thick and the Thin: On the Interpretive Program of Clifford Geertz" 25 : 261-280, 1984

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