사이버공간에 적용되는 Jus ad Bellum에 관한 국가실행 = State Practice on the Jus ad Bellum Applicable to Cyberspace

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The international community is now discussing how international law applies to cyberspace through two UN forums, the GGE and the OEWG. The international law-making process prerequisites negotiation between States, which requires sharing and exchanging state practice for common understandings. In this vein, this article examines the GGE States’ view and assessment of the jus ad bellum applicable to cyberspace by analyzing the UN official compendium of voluntary national contributions. The sixth GGE Report explicitly stipulates that the UN Charter applies to the States’ use of ICTs. It confirms an international consensus that the jus ad bellum laid down under the Charter can regulate malicious cyber operations constituting a use of force or an armed attack. The remaining issue, however, is the clarification. The GGE Report does not specify substantial contents of jus ad bellum, such as principles of necessity and proportionality required for invoking self-defense against cyber attacks. A comprehensive analysis of the voluntary national contributions submitted by each State would clarify what concrete actions States could take to invoke such principle. By exploring States’ position thereon, the article draws common legal grounds of jus ad bellum applicable to cyberspace.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

오늘날 국제사회는 GGE와 OEWG라는 UN의 두 포럼을 통하여 사이버공간에 어떠한 국제법이 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지를 논의하고 있다. 사이버공간을 규율하는 국제법의 확인 혹은 창설은 국가 간 회의를 통한 협상을 거쳐야 하며, 이러한 협상 과정에서 가장 중요한 작업은 국가들의 주요 입장과 국가실행의 공유라 할 것이다. 아직 초기 단계에 머무르고 있는 OEWG와 달리, 제6차 GGE 참가국은 자발적 국가 기여를 통하여 사이버공간에 적용되는 국제법에 관한 자국의 견해와 국가실행을 밝히고 있다. 이에 본 논문은 국제법의 여러 쟁점 가운데 jus ad bellum을 특정하여, 무력사용금지 원칙과 국가의 자위권 행사가 사이버공간에서 어떻게 적용될 수 있는지에 관한 주요국의 국가실행을 총체적으로 분석하고 있다. 이들 자발적 국가 기여는 어떠한 사이버공격이 국가에 대한 무력사용 혹은 무력공격을 구성할 수 있는지, 어떠한 상황에서 국가는 사이버공격에 대응하여 자위권을 발동할 수 있는지 등에 관한 구체적 법리와 기준을 제시하고 있다. GGE와 OEWG 보고서는 UN 헌장이 국가의 정보통신기술 이용에 적용된다는 원칙을 천명하고 있으므로, UN 헌장 및 국제관습법에 그 근간을 두고 있는 jus ad bellum은 응당 사이버공간에 적용된다. 이러한 기본적 원칙에서 더 나아가, 자발적 국가 기여 제도를 통한 국가실행의 공유와 그에 대한 공동의 이해는 사이버 수단을 이용한 국가의 무력사용ㆍ무력공격을 규율할 수 있는 국제법을 형성하고, 그 실체적 내용을 밝히는 작업에 박차를 가할 것이다.

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