Comparison of Acute Toxicity of Different Groups of Pesticides to Honey Bee Workers (Apis Mellifera L.)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) forage in agricultural areas, and are exposed to diverse pesticide poisoning. Toxic effects on Apis mellifera of different groups of pesticides were tested in the laboratory; fungicide (Metconazole), herbicide (Glyphosate), acaricide (Amitraz), organophosphate insecticide (Fenitrothion) and neonicotinoid insecticides (Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Dinotefuran and Clothianidin). Commercial formulations were serially diluted from the recommended concentration (RC) to 10<SUP>-6</SUP> times to carry out feeding and contact tests. Toxicity was transformed into lethal dose (LD<SUB>50</SUB>) and hazard question (HQ). The acute toxicity of pesticides showed similar patterns between feeding and contact tests. But feeding tests showed greater toxic to honey bee than contact test. The organophosphate and nitro-neonicotinoid insecticides were highly toxic with HQ values ranging greater than 1. However, cyano-neonicotinoids of Thiacloprid and Acetamiprid showed low toxicity. Even at the RC, 24 hr mortaliti es were 18 and 30%. The acaricide (Amitraz) showed intermediate level of toxicity at RC but negligible at the concentration lower than 10<SUP>-1</SUP> times. A fungicide (Metconazole) and herbicide (Glyphosate) showed minimal impacts. The results imply that the selective use of pesticides could help conservation of pollinators in agricultural production systems.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 David, A., "Widespread contamination of wildflower and bee-collected pollen with complex mixtures of neonicotinoids and fungicides commonly applied to crops" 88 : 169-178, 2016

2 Laurino, D., "Toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides to honey bees: laboratory tests" 64 (64): 107-113, 2011

3 Laurino, D., "Toxicity of neonicotinoid insecticides on different honey bee genotypes" 66 (66): 119-126, 2013

4 Brandt, A., "The neonicotinoids thiacloprid, imidacloprid, and clothianidin affect the immunocompetence of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)" 86 : 40-47, 2016

5 Porrini, C., "The death of honey bees and environmental pollution by pesticides: the honey bees as biological indicators" 56 (56): 147-152, 2003

6 Fairbrother, A., "Risks of Neonicotinoid insecticides to honey bees" 33 (33): 719-731, 2014

7 Thompson, H. M., "Potential impacts of synergism in honey bees (Apis mellifera) of exposure to neonicotinoids and sprayed fungicides in crops" 45 : 545-553, 2013

8 Jonson, R. M., "Pesticides and honey bee toxicity-USA" 41 : 312-331, 2010

9 Siede, R., "Performance of honey bee colonies under a long-lasting dietary exposure to sublethal concentrations of the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid" 73 : 1334-1344, 2017

10 Blacquiere, T., "Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment" 21 (21): 973-992, 2012

11 Mogren, Ch. L., "Neonicotinoid-contaminated pollinator strips adjacent to cropland reduce honey bee nutritional status" 6 : 29608-, 2016

12 Krupke, Ch. H., "Multiple routes of pesticide exposure for honey bees living near agricultural fields" 7 (7): e29268-, 2012

13 Chauzat, M. P., "Influence of pesticide on honey bee (Hymenoptera: apidae) colony health in France" 38 (38): 514-523, 2009

14 Johnson, R. M., "Honey bee toxicology" 60 : 415-434, 2015

15 Zhu, W., "Four common pesticides, their mixtures and a formulation solvent in the hive environment have high oral toxicity to honey bee larvae" 9 (9): e77547-, 2014

16 Neil Kirk Hillier, "Fate of Dermally Applied Miticides Fluvalinate and Amitraz Within Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Bodies" Oxford University Press (OUP) 106 (106): 558-565, 2013

17 "FAO Specifications and Evaluations for Agricultural. Pesticides: Thiamethoxam"

18 Faucon, J. P., "Experimental study on the toxicity of imidacloprid given syrup to honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies" 61 : 111-125, 2005

19 Renaud, M., "Effects of the neonicotinoids acetamiprid and thiacloprid in their commercial formulations on soil fauna" 194 : 85-93, 2018

20 Tison, L., "Effects of sublethal doses of thiacloprid and its formulation Calypso® on the learning and memory performance of honey bees" 220 : 3695-3705, 2017

21 Hassani, A. K., "Effects of sublethal dose of acetamiprid and thiamethoxam on the behavior of the honey bee (Apis mellifera)" 54 (54): 653-663, 2007

22 강문수, "Ecotoxicology of several acaricides used in apple orchards to the honeybee, Apis mellifera: from the laboratory to the field study" 한국양봉학회 25 (25): 155-161, 2010

23 Johnson, R. M., "Ecologically appropriate xenobiotics induce cytochrome P450 in Apis mellifera" 7 : e31051-, 2012

24 Bailey, J., "Contact and oral toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera) of agents registered for use sweet corn insect control in Ontario, Canada" 36 : 623-633, 2005

25 Gill, R. J., "Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual -and colony - level traits in bees" 491 : 105-109, 2012

26 김동원, "Carbaryl과 석회유황합제의 양봉꿀벌(Apis mellifera)과 서양뒤영벌(Bumbus terrestris)에 대한 엽상잔류독성 평가" 한국양봉학회 29 (29): 341-348, 2014

27 강문수, "Avoidance Behavior of Honey bee, Apis mellifera from Commonly used Fungicides, Acaricides and Insecticides in Apple Orchards" 한국양봉학회 32 (32): 295-302, 2017

28 Goulson, D., "An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides" 50 : 977-987, 2013

29 Cha, E. S., "Agricultural pesticide usage and prioritization in South Korea" 19 (19): 281-293, 2014

30 Laurino, D., "Acute oral toxicity of neonicotinoids on different honey bee strains" 93 : 99-102, 2010

31 이창열, "Acute Oral Toxicity of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Four Species of Honey Bee, Apis florea, A. cerana, A. mellifera, and A. dorsata" 한국양봉학회 31 (31): 51-58, 2016

32 Henry, M., "A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees" 336 : 347-350, 2012

33 ghosh sampat, "A Short Review on Neonicotinoids; Use in Crop Protection and Issues on Honeybee and Hive Products" 한국양봉학회 32 (32): 333-344, 2017