고종의 서구 근대 국제법적 대외관계 수용 과정 분석 = King Kojong’s Changing Perception of the Foreign World in the 1870s

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Existing research has elucidated that the changes in King Kojong ’s perception of the foreign world formed the background of the proclamation of the King’s direct rule and his open-door policy.
Moreover, the research describes the King’s changing perception as a unilinear change in which the King gave up the Sino-centric perception of the world and accepted the modern international laws of the West.
However, over the course of 1870s, the King’s perception underwent a series of changes.
Before the proclamation of his own direct rule, King Kojong learned a lot of information about the Sino-centric international situation, Qing Dynasty’s internal political situation, and the political movements of Japan and the West from his convoys in the Qing Dynasty. Though it is not easy to analyze the character of the King’s changing perception of the world specifically, if there were some changes, the King still would not ignore opinions from his court. The official foreign policy of the time was to keep the door closed against Japan and Western powers with the idea of Wijeongcheogsa (衛正斥邪, protecting the right, repelling evil).
But King Kojong sufficiently used a subservient diplomatic policy on domestic issues. The King made use of the information acquired by this subservient diplomacy: the news that the Qing Emperor Tong zhi started direct governing was the basis of King Kojong’s proclamation of direct rule. Since the Emperor had significant authority, the news justified the King’s trial of direct rule. While Prince Daewon was being criticized for his oppressive politics, King Kojong tried to realize the moral excellence of Confucianism and to maintain the foreign policy of Wijeongcheogsa, which was respected even by Chinese people. So it is possible to say that the King still had the Sino-centric perception of the foreign world when he declared the beginning of direct rule.
It was after the proclamation of King Kojong’s direct rule that the diplomatic policy against Japan changed. The king tried to secure his rule by removing Prince Daewon and his followers, who were in opposition to improving relations with Japan, relations which had been broken off because of a problem with a diplomatic document. Though King Kojong’s will to mend relations with Japan was weakened by Japan’s attempt to force the open-door policy, the King coped with Japan’s intimidation with an appeasement policy and he created the Kanghwa treaty with Japan. The fact that the King opened the door to Japan seems to signify that the Joseon Dynasty entered the order of modern international laws. Still, King Kojong’s perception of the foreign world was based on the Sino-centric idea and he was merely trying to mend relations with a neighboring country.
It was after the Dumojin incident of 1878 and the succeeding negotiations with Japan that King Kojong actually comprehended the significance of foreign relations based on the modern international laws. The incident can be a good example which shows that Joseon was still responding to Japan with the old idea of a good-neighbor policy. The experience Kojong acquired from the incident and negotiations with Japan enabled him to understand the significance of a treaty, like the Kanghwa treaty, in the order of modern international laws. He realized that having a treaty with a foreign country means that any problems concerning the treaty should be solved by negotiations with the country.
And, at the end of the 1870s, King Kojong felt the need to expand trade relations with foreign countries.

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