중국 이중호적제도의 형성과 배경 분석 = Analysis on the Formation and Background of China’s Dual Family Registration System

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The freedom of residence and relocation of Chinese citizens in early New China was guaranteed by law and constitution. However, when the "Hukou Registration Ordinance" was issued in 1958, a dual family registration system was established between cities and provinces, and Chinese citizens were divided into rural areas and urban areas depending on their residence, and urban migration of rural populations was strictly controlled. Although confusion arose in the management of Hukou during the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, the relocation of the rural population to the city was more strictly controlled and the dual family registry system became more specific.
Since the dual family registry system was established in the late 50s, China's family registry system has greatly influenced the political, economic, social, cultural, and individual daily lives beyond the original functions of the family registry system, such as demographics and security management. Thus, the side effects caused by the dual family registry system are not only simple problems such as poor demographics and poor management of the estates, but also cause serious social problems such as delaying the urbanization of China, widening the gap between urban and rural residents' income, and various discrimination against the rural population and inefficiency of the family registry system itself.
The formation of China's dual family registry system is directly attributable to the large-scale urban migration of the rural population that emerged in the early days of the establishment of New China. The heavy industry-oriented industrialization policy promoted with the "1·5 Plan" is also an important reason for the formation of a dual family registration system that divides rural areas and cities. China promoted heavy industry-oriented industrialization by mobilizing all possible resources by using its national administrative power and relying on agriculture to provide the necessary food and materials for industrialization and for industrial production. And a dual family registry system has been established to limit the free flow of farmers in order to keep more rural labor forces engaged in the production of agricultural products needed by the Chinese government and to prevent the employment and financial burden from increasing due to the influx of rural populations into cities. The dual family registry system is closely linked to the planned job arrangement and the planned purchase and supply policy for agricultural products and various welfare and subsidy policies biased to urban residents, which China has promoted with the establishment of a planned economic system, and has a functionally complementary nature. In addition, China's dual family registry system was also partly influenced by Chinese traditional family registry system and culture. China's former feudal dynasties attached farmers to their land, disallowing arbitrary migration and drift and using them as a source of tax stability to maintain the closed order of agricultural empire. The peasant was an eternal catch, paying taxes and services and sacrificed for the luxurious life of the bureaucrat class. Even after the establishment of the New China, the two-way social governance system was established by dividing cities and rural areas through family registers, and the functions of social welfare and Family Planning were added again to become one fundamental system.
Currently, China is pushing for a deepen reformation of the family registry system, which focuses on equalizing basic public services and unifying urban and rural family registers. The distinction between agricultural and non-agricultural Hukou based on dual family registration systems has already been cancelled. The dual family registry system, which has caused inequality and discrimination in farmers over the past half century, has now disappeared from the historical stage. But this is only a formality reform and only the beginning of a family register unification reform. Unless various inequalities and discrimination against urban migration farmers who still remain in cities, especially large cities and large cities, real reform of family registry unification will not be possible unless it is completely eliminated.

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