참된 회심의 표지들에 대한 한 연구 : 성 버나드의 “On Conversion”과 조나단 에드워즈의 “True Grace”를 중심으로 = A Study of the Marks of True Conversion : Focused on St. Bernard’s On Conversion and Jonathan Edwards’ True Grace

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Discerning the marks of true conversion is challenging, Moreover, no one has a right to judge true conversion of other people from the viewpoint of the traditional reformed theology such as “the finite is not capable of containing the infinite,” Nevertheless, this paper examines the marks of true conversion which can be considered sufficient signs of true conversion to Christ. Establishing this will provide, not only the norms for examining one’s own true conversion, but also direction for the proper growth of our spiritual lives, excluding a negative approach to true conversion, even though the most studies of true conversion generally deal with both true marks and uncertain marks of real conversion.
There are three reasons why the methodology of this paper adopts a comparative study on the marks of true conversion between St. Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153) and Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758). First, St. Bernard and Jonathan Edwards share common thoughts on the topic of conversion and its marks. Second, conversion within both theologies contain a balance and harmony of theology and piety, doctrine and praxis. Third, Edwards’ True Grace and Bernard’s On Conversion have been influential and decisive elements of conversion.
There are similarities and differences in the experiences and theories of conversion of Bernard and Edwards. Both theologians share essence of conversion is (1) the direct work of Holy Spirit, a transformation of the whole by the calling of the Word (vocatio verbalis) and raising faith and repentance by regeneration. They see (2) the continuity of conversion (repentance): Even if the whole of conversion to God is understood under the terms repentance and faith, conversion should be understood more broadly, which is shared by the view of John Calvin in Institutes of Christian Religion (1536, 1559). Because it breaks up the continuity of the spiritual life to make it a distinction and a separation between the primary regeneration, which precedes faith and repentance, and the subsequent secondary regeneration (renewal or repentance), which is shared by the view of Herman Bavinck in Reformed Dogmatics (Vol. 4). and (3) a variety of works of Holy Spirit in conversion experience of two theologians; The modes of applying of inner Word: inner voice (Bernard) and supernatural light (Edwards), and also the power of the Word resolved the problems: inward and outward temptations (Bernard), more deep understanding of biblical doctrines. (Edward).
This paper finds common signs of true conversion which can be considered sufficient marks. First, it is the power of the Word of God that enables the transformation of the whole human being, both inwardly and outwardly. At the same time, it is the responsibility of man: the battle against sins (Bernard), the pursuit of all of the means of grace (Edwards). Second, as a result of getting known God the Father and Christ Himself by the work of the Word of God, it will be especially improved the progress of holiness to overcome sins as mortification of one part of repentance. Third, it can also be practiced a true love to God (for Himself) for whom one does all thing which no matter what he can to honor Him, and a true love to neighbors (for neighbors-self) from to love them who love oneself, through being patience against evil, to overcome evil with good, as vivification of the other part of repentance.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 원종천, "중세영성의 진수: 성 버나드" 대한기독교서회 2004

2 노병기, "조나단 에드워즈의 중생론: 칼빈, 웨슬리의 신학 사상과 관련하여" 연세대학교 대학원 2003

3 이문균, "조나단 에드워즈의 아름다움에 대한 이해와 그 목회적 함의" 한국기독교학회 (65) : 135-157, 2009

4 양낙흥, "조나단 에드워즈 생애와 사상" 부흥과 개혁사 2012

5 조만준, "성 버나드(St. Bernard of Clairvaux, 1090-1153)의 신비주의 영성이 세속화 시대에 주는 실천 과제" 21세기기독교사회문화아카데미 32 (32): 109-137, 2018

6 원종천, "미국 대각성운동 회심체험에 나타난 성령사역의 이해에 대한 평가" 7 : 159-181, 2003

7 조나단 에드워즈, "그리스도와의 연합과 그 열매들" 기독교문서선교회 177-286, 2014

8 헤롤드 C. J. 브라운, "교회사 안에 나타난 이단과 정통" 그리심 2001

9 Stetina, Karin Spiecker, "The “Sense Of The Heart”: Edwards’s Public Expression Of His Pietistic Understanding Of Religious Experience" 2 (2): 197-212, 2010

10 Edwards, Jonathan, "The Works of Jonathan Edwards. Vol. 2" The Bath Press 1945

11 Edwards, Jonathan, "The Works of Jonathan Edwards Vol. 1" The Bath Press 1945

12 Edwards, Jonathan, "The Sermons of Jonathan Edwards: A Reader" Yale University Press 1999

13 Théodore, Marie Theiodore, "The Life and Time of St. Bernard" J. Sadlie 1889

14 Morison, M. A., "The Life and Time of Saint Bernard Abbot of Clairvaux A.D. 1091-1153" Macmilian and Co 1884

15 Buttrick, George Arthur, "The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, 5 Vols" Abingdon Press 1962

16 Morgan, C. W., "The Glory of God" Crossway 2010

17 A. J. Polyander, "Synopsis Purioris Theologiae: disputationibus quinquaginta duabus comprehensa ac conscripta" Donner 1881

18 St. Bernard, "Some Letters of St. Bernard Abbot of Clairvaux" Ballantyne Press 1904

19 Bavinck, H., "Reformed Dogmatics. Vol. 3-4" Baker Academic 2003

20 Vos, Geerhardus, "Reformed Dogmatics Vol. 4" Lexham Press 2012

21 Dennison Jr. James T., "Reformed Confessions of the 16th and 17th Centuries in English Translation: 1523-1693, Vol. 4" Reformation Heritage Books 2008

22 Billy, Dennis J., "Preaching Conversion Through The Beatitudes: Bernard Of Clairvaux's Ad Clericos De Conversione" Christendom Press

23 Calvin, J., "Institutes of the Christian Religion, Edited by John T. McNeill. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles" Westminster John Knox Press 2011

24 Turretin, Francis, "Institutes of Elenctic Theology Vol. 2" P&R Publishing 1992

25 Bavinck, H., "Gereformeede Dogmatiek, 4 Vol" Kok 1918

26 Lovelace, Richard F., "Evangelical Spirituality: A Church Historian’s Perspective" 31 (31): 25-34, 1988

27 Calvin, J., "Commentaries on the Twelve Minor Prophets, Vol. 5" Logos Bible Software 2010

28 Calvin, J., "Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul to the Galatians and Ephesians" Logos Bible Software 2010

29 St. Bernard, "Bernard of Clairvaux: Selected Works" Paulist Press 1986

30 St. Bernard, "Bernard of Clairvaux: Selected Works" Paulist Press 1986

31 St. Bernard, "Bernard of Clairvaux: Selected Works" Paulist Press 1986

32 Lane, Anthony N. S., "Bernard of Clairvaux Theologian of the Cross" Liturgical Press 2013

33 Gaybba, B. P., "Aspects of the Medieval History of Theology" University of South Africa 1988

34 McCune, Rolland, "A Systematic Theology of Biblical Christianity: The Doctrines of Salvation, the Church, and Last Things, Vol. 3" Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary 2010

35 Evans, G. R., "A Change of Mind in Some Scholars of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries" 15 : 27-39, 1978

36 Allen, Loyd, "A Brief History Of Christian Devotion" 7 (7): 3-17, 1990