Ethnic landscapes of America

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• 1 Introduction to Ethnic Landscapes = 1
• 1.1 Ethnicity Defined = 1
• 1.2 Geographic Definitions of Cultural Landscapes = 2
• 1.3 Geographic Study of Migration = 3
• 1.4 Landscape Components = 3
• 1.5 Ethnicity and Landscape = 4
• 1.5.1 Religious Structures = 4
• 1.5.2 Housing = 5
• 1.6 Old and New World Experience of Ethnic Groups = 6
• 1.6.1 Timing of Immigration = 8
• 1.6.2 Size of Ethnic Group = 9
• 1.6.3 Contested Landscapes and Evolving Toponyms = 10
• 1.7 Generic American Landscapes = 10
• 1.7.1 Public Land Survey System and American Landscape = 11
• 1.7.2 Railroads and the American Landscape = 13
• 1.7.3 The Automobile and the American Landscape = 13
• 1.7.4 Use of Space in American Cities = 16
• 1.8 Ethnic Persistence = 17
• 1.9 Prelude to Specific Ethnic Chapters = 18
• References = 19
• 2 Native American Landscapes in the Eastern United States = 21
• 2.1 Native American Legacy of the Past = 21
• 2.1.1 Disease and Depopulation = 21
• 2.2 Prehistoric American Indian Landscapes = 22
• 2.2.1 Mississippian Temple and Platform Mounds = 23
• 2.2.2 Woodland Complex or Effigy Mound Culture = 26
• 2.2.3 Hopewell Period Earthworks and Mounds = 28
• 2.2.4 Poverty Point Culture = 30
• 2.2.5 Burial Mounds and Middens = 31
• 2.3 Agricultural Legacy of Native Americans = 32
• 2.3.1 Native Americans and Forests = 33
• 2.4 Native American Transportation Routes and Toponyms = 34
• 2.5 Historic Relocations of Eastern American Indians = 34
• 2.5.1 Five Civilized Tribes and Trail of Tears = 34
• 2.5.2 The Oneida = 34
• 2.6 Contemporary Indian Reservations = 35
• 2.6.1 Sovereignty of Indian Nations = 35
• 2.6.2 Indian Gaming and Gambling Casinos = 37
• 2.6.3 Economic Development and Native American Culture = 39
• 2.7 Native Americans in Eastern United States Today = 39
• 2.7.1 Native American Ethnic Islands = 40
• 2.7.2 Mixed Ancestry = 40
• 2.8 Contemporary American Indian Landscapes in the Eastern U.S. = 41
• 2.8.1 Native American Casinos = 41
• 2.8.2 The Longhouse = 41
• 2.8.3 The Wigwam = 41
• 2.8.4 Native American Cemeteries = 42
• 2.8.5 Seminole Indian Landscapes = 42
• 2.9 Précis = 44
• References = 44
• 3 Native American Landscapes in the Plains and Northwest Coast = 47
• 3.1 Contemporary American Indian Populations = 47
• 3.1.1 Indians of the Great Plains = 48
• 3.1.2 Indians of California = 49
• 3.1.3 Indians of the Pacific Northwest = 50
• 3.1.4 Indigenous Populations of Alaska = 50
• 3.2 Historical Landscapes of the Plains Indians = 51
• 3.2.1 Migratory Plains Indians and the Tepee = 51
• 3.2.2 Plains Indian Villages = 53
• 3.2.3 Sacred Sites = 55
• 3.3 Contemporary Plains Indian Landscapes = 57
• 3.4 Historical Landscapes of Northwest Coast Indians = 58
• 3.4.1 Plank Houses = 58
• 3.4.2 Totem Poles = 59
• 3.5 Contemporary Landscapes of Northwest Coast Indians = 60
• 3.6 Contemporary Landscapes of the Alaskan Inuit = 63
• 3.7 Many Western Native American Landscapes = 64
• References = 64
• 4 Native American Landscapes in the American Southwest = 65
• 4.1 Prehistoric Cultures in the Southwest = 65
• 4.1.1 Mogollon = 65
• 4.1.2 Hohokam = 66
• 4.1.3 Hakataya = 67
• 4.1.4 Anasazi = 68
• 4.2 Prehistoric Anasazi Landscapes = 68
• 4.2.1 Pueblos and Cliff Dwellings = 70
• 4.2.2 Agricultural Legacy = 74
• 4.2.3 Roads of the Anasazi = 75
• 4.2.4 Petroglyphs and Petrographs = 76
• 4.3 Contemporary Pueblo Indian Landscapes = 76
• 4.3.1 Pueblo Housing's Historic Legacy = 78
• 4.3.2 Blending Ancient and Modern Construction = 80
• 4.4 Navajo Landscapes = 82
• 4.4.1 Navajo Settlement Pattern = 83
• 4.4.2 Navajo Homestead Buildings = 84
• 4.4.3 Hogans = 85
• 4.4.4 Ramadas, Sheep Herding, and Trading Posts = 85
• 4.4.5 Sacred Places in the Navajo Landscape = 86
• 4.5 Other Southwestern Indian Landscapes = 87
• 4.5.1 Mescallero Apache Landscapes = 87
• 4.5.2 O'odham (Pima and Papago) Landscapes = 88
• 4.5.3 Many Ethnic Landscapes in the Southwest = 88
• References = 88
• 5 Hispanic Landscapes of the America Southwest = 91
• 5.1 Subgroups of Hispanics = 91
• 5.2 Spatial Distribution of Hispanic Americans = 91
• 5.2.1 Concentration of Hispanics in Border States = 92
• 5.2.2 Concentrations of Hispanic Populations in Cities = 93
• 5.2.3 Growing Hispanic Populations in the South, Midwest, and Plains = 93
• 5.3 Spanish Colonial Settlement in the Western U.S. = 93
• 5.3.1 New Mexico = 93
• 5.3.2 Texas = 95
• 5.3.3 Arizona = 97
• 5.3.4 California = 98
• 5.3.5 Spanish Louisiana = 99
• 5.4 Hispanic Urban Landscapes = 99
• 5.4.1 Requirements of the Law of the Indies = 100
• 5.5 Cultural Landscape of the Hispano Homeland = 101
• 5.5.1 Land Tenure = 102
• 5.5.2 Linear Villages = 102
• 5.5.3 Fortified Building Square = 104
• 5.5.4 Adobe Buildings = 105
• 5.5.5 Hispano Churches = 109
• 5.5.6 Perseverance and Change = 112
• 5.6 Cultural Landscape of the Tejano Homeland = 115
• 5.6.1 Plazas in Tejano Towns = 115
• 5.6.2 Tejano Housing = 115
• 5.6.3 Colonias in South Texas = 117
• 5.6.4 South Texas Border Cities = 117
• 5.7 Contemporary Mexican-American Barrios = 118
• 5.7.1 Carnicerías and Hispanic-Oriented Businesses = 119
• 5.7.2 Mexican-American Housescapes = 120
• 5.8 Multiple Hispanic Landscapes = 123
• References = 123
• 6 Hispanic Landscapes of the Eastern United States = 127
• 6.1 Hispanic Populations in the Eastern United States = 127
• 6.2 Spanish Colonial Settlement and Landscape Legacy in Florida = 129
• 6.2.1 Spanish Colonial Settlements = 129
• 6.2.2 Spanish Missions = 130
• 6.2.3 Example of Spanish Colonial City : St. Augustine = 131
• 6.2.4 Pensacola = 135
• 6.3 Cuban-American Landscapes in Florida = 135
• 6.3.1 19th Century Cuban-American Settlements = 135
• 6.3.2 20th Century Cuban-American Communities = 136
• 6.4 Puerto Rican Landscapes in Northern Cities = 139
• 6.4.1 Religious Shrines in Puerto Rican Neighborhoods = 139
• 6.4.2 Puerto Ricans in New York City = 140
• 6.4.3 Puerto Ricans in Chicago = 141
• 6.5 Dominican Ethnic Landscapes in New York City = 141
• 6.6 New and Changing Hispanic Ethnic Landscapes = 142
• 6.6.1 Immigrants from Central America and South America = 144
• 6.6.2 Changing Hispanic Landscapes = 144
• References = 145
• 7 French Ethnic Landscapes in America = 147
• 7.1 Colonial Settlement by the French in North America = 147
• 7.1.1 Quebec = 147
• 7.1.2 The Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley = 150
• 7.1.3 Acadia and Cajuns = 153
• 7.1.4 Saint Domingue = 155
• 7.2 French Ethnic Population in the Contemporary U.S. = 155
• 7.3 French Legacy in the United States = 155
• 7.3.1 Long Lot Survey System = 156
• 7.3.2 Parishes in Louisiana = 159
• 7.4 French Imprint upon New Orleans = 159
• 7.4.1 French Creole Architecture in New Orleans = 161
• 7.4.2 French Creole Architecture along Gulf Coast and Upriver = 162
• 7.4.3 French Cemeteries in Southern Louisiana = 164
• 7.5 Cajun Landscapes and Architecture = 166
• 7.5.1 Cajun House = 166
• 7.5.2 Cajun Barns and Dance Halls = 167
• 7.5.3 Cajun Christmas Eve Bonfires and Mardi Gras Runs = 167
• 7.6 French Canadian Barns = 168
• 7.7 Ethnic Landscape Comparisons : Quebec and Louisiana = 168
• References = 170
• 8 African-American Landscapes = 173
• 8.1 African-American Population Definition = 173
• 8.1.1 Slavery and Spatial Distribution of African-Americans = 174
• 8.1.2 History of Slavery = 174
• 8.2 Heritage from Africa = 176
• 8.2.1 African-American Contributions to the Antebellum South = 177
• 8.2.2 Plantations and Their Buildings = 177
• 8.2.3 Differing Black and White Antebellum Landscapes = 180
• 8.2.4 African-American Slaves in the Antebellum Southern City = 180
• 8.2.5 African-American Freemen in the Urban Landscape = 180
• 8.2.6 The Shotgun House = 182
• 8.3 Post-Emancipation African-American Landscapes = 186
• 8.4 African-American Landscape Evolution in the 20th Century = 187
• 8.4.1 Rural African-Americans in the South = 188
• 8.5 African-American Urban Landscapes in the South = 190
• 8.5.1 Atlanta's Auburn Avenue = 191
• 8.6 Urban African-Americans in Northern Cities = 192
• 8.6.1 Black Ghetto Formation = 193
• 8.6.2 African-American Ghetto Landscapes = 194
• 8.6.3 Black Middle-Class Neighborhoods = 194
• 8.7 Recent Immigration from Africa = 195
• 8.8 African Ethnic Landscapes of the Future = 196
• References = 197
• 9 British Landscapes in America = 199
• 9.1 Diversity of British Peoples = 199
• 9.1.1 Cultural Differences Among the British = 199
• 9.1.2 The Irish = 200
• 9.1.3 Populations of British Ancestry in the United States = 200
• 9.1.4 Diversity Among the English = 200
• 9.1.5 Diversity of Motivations for Immigrating to America = 202
• 9.2 British Influences on the American Landscape = 202
• 9.2.1 English Influences Differ between Northern and Southern States = 202
• 9.3 English Landscapes in the American South = 203
• 9.3.1 Landscape Legacy of Plantations = 204
• 9.3.2 South Country Cavalier Influences in Virginia = 205
• 9.3.3 English Influences on House Architecture = 205
• 9.3.4 Georgian Style Architecture = 207
• 9.3.5 Virginia and the I-House = 208
• 9.3.6 Anglican Churches = 210
• 9.4 Puritans Create the New England Landscape = 210
• 9.4.1 English Toponyms in New England = 211
• 9.4.2 Town Surveys and Land Division = 211
• 9.4.3 Town and Village Settlements in New England = 212
• 9.4.4 Puritan Built Landscapes = 217
• 9.5 Quakers Shape the Pennsylvania Landscape = 220
• 9.5.1 Ethnic Architecture in the Delaware Valley = 221
• 9.5.2 Quaker-Plan Houses = 221
• 9.5.3 Quaker Meetinghouses = 222
• 9.6 Scotch-Irish Landscapes in the Appalachians and Ozarks = 222
• 9.6.1 Settlement by Scots-Irish = 223
• 9.6.2 Log Cabins in the Upland South = 224
• 9.6.3 Farm Buildings and Their Arrangement in the Upland South = 226
• 9.6.4 Scotch-Irish Arrangement of Space = 227
• 9.6.5 Scotch-Irish Place Names = 227
• 9.7 Welsh Ethnic Landscapes in America = 227
• 9.7.1 Distribution of Population of Welsh Ancestry = 228
• 9.7.2 Religious Buildings in the Welsh Ethnic Landscape = 228
• 9.8 Cornish Ethnic Landscapes in America = 229
• 9.8.1 Cornish Ethnic Population Distribution and Mining = 229
• 9.8.2 Cornish Ethnic Buildings = 229
• 9.9 British : American Interactions = 230
• References = 230
• 10 Dutch, Belgian, and Luxemburger Landscapes : Ethnicity from the Low Countries = 233
• 10.1 Dutch Ethnic Landscapes in America = 233
• 10.1.1 17th Century Dutch Settlement in New York = 233
• 10.1.2 Dutch Cultural Landscapes in the Hudson Valley = 234
• 10.1.3 Dutch Cultural Landscapes in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Iowa = 236
• 10.2 Belgian Ethnic Landscapes in American Midwest = 240
• 10.2.1 Rural Belgian Settlement Landscapes = 241
• 10.2.2 Belgians in Midwestern Cities = 244
• 10.3 Luxemburger Ethnic Landscapes in the Midwest = 244
• 10.4 Ethnic Persistence and the Future = 247
• References = 247
• 11 German-American Landscapes = 249
• 11.1 History of German Immigration to America = 249
• 11.1.1 Pennsylvania German Culture = 249
• 11.1.2 19th Century German Immigration = 250
• 11.1.3 German-American Assimilation in the 20th Century = 251
• 11.1.4 German-American Heritage in the 21st Century = 252
• 11.2 Diversity of German Population = 252
• 11.3 German Heritage Influences American Culture = 254
• 11.3.1 German-American Ties to the Land = 254
• 11.4 Types of German Ethnic Landscapes in Rural America = 256
• 11.4.1 Rural German-American Landscapes = 256
• 11.4.2 Rural German-American Villages = 258
• 11.4.3 Distinctive German-American House Architecture = 261
• 11.4.4 Midwestern Barns Display German Influence = 265
• 11.5 Urban German-American Landscapes = 269
• 11.5.1 Milwaukee as America's Most German-American City = 269
• 11.6 The German-Speaking Old Order Amish = 272
• 11.6.1 Population and Distribution of the Old Order Amish = 274
• 11.6.2 Distinctive Landscapes of the Old Order Amish = 274
• 11.7 Other Germanic Landscapes = 276
• 11.7.1 Swiss Ethnic Landscapes = 276
• 11.8 Précis = 277
• References = 277
• 12 Scandinavian Landscapes in America = 281
• 12.1 Icelandic Ethnic Landscapes = 281
• 12.2 Norwegian Ethnic Landscapes = 281
• 12.2.1 Norwegian Ethnic Population Distribution = 282
• 12.2.2 Norwegian Ethnic House and Farm Landscapes = 283
• 12.2.3 Norwegian Heritage on Display = 285
• 12.3 Swedish Ethnic Landscapes = 288
• 12.4 Finnish Ethnic Landscapes = 290
• 12.4.1 Distribution of Finnish Ethnic Population = 290
• 12.4.2 Rural Finnish-American Landscapes = 292
• 12.5 Danish Ethnic Landscapes = 294
• 12.6 Précis = 295
• References = 295
• 13 Slavic Landscapes in America = 297
• 13.1 Slavs from Central European Cultural Transition Zone = 297
• 13.2 Czech Ethnic Landscapes in America = 297
• 13.2.1 Czech Ethnic Population Distribution = 298
• 13.2.2 Czech Religious Landscapes = 299
• 13.2.3 Czech Farmscapes = 302
• 13.3 Slovakian Ethnic Landscapes in America = 303
• 13.4 Polish Ethnic Landscapes in America = 304
• 13.4.1 Polish-American Population Distribution = 304
• 13.4.2 Polish-American Landscapes = 305
• 13.4.3 Polish-American Churches = 305
• 13.4.4 Polish Roadside / Wayside Catholic Shrines = 306
• 13.4.5 Polish-American Housing = 310
• 13.5 Russian and Ukrainian Ethnic Landscapes in America = 310
• 13.5.1 Slavic Populations of Russia and the Ukraine = 310
• 13.5.2 Russian Settlements in America = 312
• 13.5.3 Russian-American and Ukrainian-American Population Distribution = 313
• 13.5.4 Landscape Legacy of Russians in Alaska = 314
• 13.5.5 Ukrainian Ethnic Landscapes in the Upper Great Plains = 315
• 13.5.6 Russian Jewish Immigration Since the 1880s = 316
• 13.5.7 Characteristic Landscapes of Russian Jewish Neighborhoods = 317
• 13.6 Immigration of Southern Slavs = 320
• 13.7 Précis = 320
• References = 321
• 14 Mediterranean Landscapes : Italians and Greeks in America = 323
• 14.1 Cultural Influence of Mediterranean Peoples = 323
• 14.2 Classical Greek and Roman Architecture = 324
• 14.3 Contemporary Italian- and Greek-American Population Distributions = 326
• 14.3.1 Italian-Americans = 326
• 14.3.2 Greek-Americans = 328
• 14.4 Italian Ethnic Landscapes in America = 328
• 14.4.1 Urban Landscapes of Italian-Americans = 329
• 14.4.2 Italians Shape California's Winery Landscape = 332
• 14.4.3 Religious Landscapes in Italian-American Communities = 332
• 14.4.4 Italianate Architecture = 336
• 14.5 Greek Ethnic Landscapes in America = 336
• 14.6 The Mediterranean's Diverse Cultural Influences = 336
• References = 338
• 15 Arab-American and Other Middle Eastern Landscapes = 339
• 15.1 Conflict in the Middle East and Population Movements = 339
• 15.2 Contemporary Arab-American Population and Its Distribution = 339
• 15.2.1 Arabs in the Detroit Metropolitan Area = 341
• 15.2.2 Arabs in the New York Metropolitan Area = 342
• 15.3 Contemporary Distribution of Non-Arabs from the Middle East = 342
• 15.3.1 Armenians in California = 342
• 15.3.2 Iranians in California = 342
• 15.3.3 Chaldeans in Michigan = 343
• 15.3.4 Turkish Ethnics in the New York City Metropolitan Area = 343
• 15.3.5 Mizrahi Jews in Los Angeles and New York City = 343
• 15.4 Arab and Middle Eastern Ethnic Landscapes = 344
• 15.4.1 Religious Structures and Symbols = 344
• 15.4.2 Arab-American Businesses and Coffeehouses = 346
• 15.5 Turkish-American and Bosnian-American Landscapes = 348
• 15.5.1 Turkish-American Landscapes in New Jersey and New York = 350
• 15.5.2 Bosnian-American Landscapes in St. Louis = 350
• 15.6 Moslem-American Communities in the Future = 351
• References = 353
• 16 East Asians in America : Chinese, Japanese, and Southeast Asian Ethnic Landscapes = 355
• 16.1 Immigration from Asia = 355
• 16.2 Chinese Ethnic Landscapes in America = 355
• 16.2.1 Historical Geography of Chinese Immigration = 357
• 16.2.2 Recent Immigration from China = 357
• 16.2.3 Urban Orientation of Chinese-Americans = 359
• 16.2.4 Chinese Urban Landscapes : Chinatown = 359
• 16.2.5 New Chinatowns and Ethnoburbs = 369
• 16.2.6 Chinese Landscapes in Rural America = 370
• 16.3 Japanese-American Ethnic Landscapes = 371
• 16.3.1 Japanese Immigration = 371
• 16.3.2 Japanese-American Religious Landscapes = 372
• 16.4 Vietnamese and Laotian Hmong Landscapes in America = 375
• 16.4.1 Vietnamese-American Population = 375
• 16.4.2 Hmong Ethnic Population = 375
• 16.4.3 Vietnamese and Hmong Ethnic Landscapes = 375
• 16.5 Other Asian-American Landscapes in the Making = 377
• 16.5.1 Koreans = 377
• 16.5.2 Filipinos = 377
• 16.5.3 South Asians : Asian Indians = 377
• 16.6 Asians Add Their Ethnic Imprint = 379
• References = 380
• 17 Native Hawaiian Landscapes = 383
• 17.1 Native Hawaiian Population = 383
• 17.1.1 Outsiders Influence Hawaiian Landscape = 383
• 17.2 Native Hawaiian Landscapes = 384
• 17.2.1 Religious Features on the Landscape = 384
• 17.2.2 Native Hawaiian Housing = 386
• 17.2.3 Native Hawaiian Agricultural Landscapes = 389
• 17.3 Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders on the Mainland = 391
• 17.4 Envoi = 391
• References = 393
• 18 The Future Ethnic Landscape of America = 395
• 18.1 Immigration in the Future = 395
• 18.2 Environmental Change and Landscapes = 397
• 18.3 Preservation and Loss of the Past = 398
• 18.3.1 What Gets Preserved? = 398
• 18.3.2 Changes to the Built Environment = 400
• 18.3.3 Threats to Material Culture of Several Ethnic Groups = 400
• 18.4 Landscape Losses with Preservation = 401
• 18.5 Ethnic Tourism = 402
• 18.5.1 Creation of Ethnic Tourism = 402
• 18.5.2 Ethnic Tourism and Its Impact upon the Ethnic Group = 403
• 18.6 Creation of New Ethnic Landscapes by Resisting Assimilation = 403
• 18.6.1 The Hutterites = 404
• 18.6.2 Hasidic Jews = 405
• 18.6.3 Resistance to Assimilation and Population Growth = 408
• 18.7 Globalization and Landscapes = 408
• 18.8 Persistence of Ethnic Landscapes = 409
• References = 410