Investigation on obstacles to implement BIM- based facility management in Egypt : the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology approach

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Investigation on Obstacles to Implement BIM-based Facility Management in Egypt: The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Approach Norhane Nour Dept. of Architectural Engineering The Graduate School Hanyang University The architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management industry (AEC-FM) has historically exhibited resistance to technological integration. However, the past decade has marked a gradual digital transformation within this sector, driven by the fourth industrial revolution. Amidst these changes, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as an essential technology, offering a collaborative platform for stakeholders involved in various aspects of a facility's lifecycle. While BIM's potential is globally acknowledged, its adoption into FM practices, particularly in developing countries like Egypt, is still in its early stages. Therefore, this research aims to identify the challenges of BIM-FM integration in Egypt, examine their alignment with global literature, and propose experts' practical solutions. To comprehensively address the challenges associated with BIM adoption in the Egyptian FM sector, the challenges of adoption throughout the life-cycle were investigated through a literature review. This study then employs an approach that integrates the findings of the literature with its conceptual model based on a proposed mechanism that shows the relationship between the stakeholders of the AEC-FM and an adapted Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. The model was specifically adapted to fit all the challenges found in the FM context. The research then conducts a questionnaire survey targeting AEC-FM professionals. The findings were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), to contribute to the empirical assessment of the proposed conceptual model. The research findings revealed that the top two constructs that affected the intention to apply BIM and, in turn, affected the actual usage were facilitating conditions and the performance construct. Further analysis revealed that the inadequate quality of the transferred information, the lack of standards and protocols, software integration difficulties, the ambiguity of the handover requirements, and interoperability challenges are the top five challenges in the Egyptian context. These findings were discussed over interviews with three facility managers, and some recommendations were suggested. This research contributes valuable insights, aiding local decision-makers, FM projects, and organizations in effectively integrating BIM within the Egyptian FM sector.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

건축, 공학, 건설 및 시설 관리 산업(AEC-FM)은 기술 통합에 대한 역사적인 저항을 보여
왔다. 그러나 지난 10년 동안 제4차 산업혁명의 영향으로 이 산업은 점진적인 디지털 전
환을 경험하고 있다. 이 변화의 핵심 기술 중 하나인 건물 정보 모델링(BIM)은 시설 수명
주기에 참여하는 이해관계자들에게 협업 플랫폼을 제공하는 중요한 기술로 부상하였다.
BIM의 잠재력은 전 세계적으로 인정되었지만, 특히 이집트와 같은 개발도상국에서는 FM
실무에 BIM을 통합하는 것이 초기 단계에 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 이집트에서
BIM-FM 통합에 대한 도전을 확인하고, 이를 세계적 문헌과 조화롭게 평가하며, 전문가
의 실용적인 해결책을 제안하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이집트 FM 부문에서 BIM 도입과 관련
된 도전에 종합적으로 대응하기 위해, 본 연구는 수명주기 동안 BIM 도입에 따른 도전을
조사하기 위해 문헌 고찰을 실시하였다. 그 후, 연구는 기술 수용 및 사용의 통일 이론(UT
AUT)모델과 메커니즘에 기초한 개념 모델을 기반으로 AEC-FM 이해관계자 간 관계를
보여주고 채택 의도와 관련된 이해관계자글 간의 상호작용을 나타내도록 조정되어 FM 환
경에 적합하게 조절되었다. 연구는 이후 AEC-FM 전문가들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시
하였다. 연구 결과는 부분 최소 제곱 구조 방정식 모델링(PLS-SEM)을 포함한 고급 분석
기술을 활용하여 제안된 개념 모델의 경험적 평가에 기여했다. 결과적으로, 연구는 BIM적
용 의향에 영향을 미치는 상황을 제시하고, 조건과 성과 구성이 가장 큰 영향을 미친다는
것을 밝혀냈다. 특히 이집트에서의 표준 및 프로토콜 부재, 정보 품질 문제, 통합 어려움
및 상호 운용성 도전이 상위 네 가지 도전 요인임을 확인했다. 이 연구는 이집트의 FM 부
문에서 BIM을 효과적으로 통합하는 데 도움이 되는 소중한 통찰력을 제공한다.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• List of Acronyms iv
• List of Tables . vi
• List of Figures . vii
• Abstract. viii
• Chapter 1. Introduction 1
• 1.1.Background 1
• 1.2. Objectives of the study . 2
• 1.3. Research Question and Research Flow . 4
• Chapter 2. Literature Review . 7
• 2.1. BIM Adoption in AEC Sector 7
• 2.1.1. BIM Adoption in AEC Sector in North, South America, and Australia 8
• 2.1.2. BIM Adoption in AEC Sector in The United Kingdom and Europe . 9
• 2.1.3. BIM Adoption in AEC Sector in Asia 10
• 2.1.4. BIM Adoption in AEC Sector in Africa in The Middle East . 11
• 2.1.4.1. BIM Adoption in AEC Sector in Egypt 11
• 2.2. BIM Level of Maturity and Barriers to Adoption in the AEC sector 13
• 2.2.1. BIM Level of maturity 13
• 2.2.2. Barriers to BIM Adoption in the AEC Sector 16
• 2.2.2.1. Barriers to BIM Adoption in the AEC Sector in the Egyptian context 19
• 2.3. BIM Adoption in FM Sector 22
• 2.3.1. Benefits of BIM Adoption in FM 24
• 2.3.2. Challenges of BIM Adoption for Facility Management 26
• 2.3.2.1. Performance related Challenges 26
• 2.3.2.2. Challenges related to Information and Data management 29
• 2.3.2.3. Challenges related to social acceptance 31
• 2.3.2.4. Challenges related to perceived costs and financial issues . 32
• 2.3.2.5. Challenges related to efforts to adopt BIM 33
• 2.3.2.6. Challenges related to Legal and security concerns . 34
• 2.4. Adaptation of UTAUT model . 40
• 2.4.1. UTAUT Background 40
• 2.4.2. UTAUT Model for BIM adoption studies 42
• 2.4.3. Limitation of UTAUT model and Adaptation 43
• 2.5. Preliminary Investigation on FM Sector in Egypt 44
• 2.5.1. Egypt FM Market Segmentations 45
• 2.5.2. FM Challenges in the Egyptian Context 46
• Chapter 3. Methodology: Conceptual Model, Design and Conduct a Quantitative
• Questionnaire Survey 49
• 3.1. Research Design 49
• 3.2. Conceptual Model development 49
• 3.2.1. The model constructs . 51
• 3.3. Hypotheses Development . 55
• 3.4. Questionnaire Design . 56
• 3.5. Data Collection 59
• 3.6. Analysis Method 60
• 3.6.1. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) . 61
• Chapter 4. Data Analysis . 64
• 4.1. Responders’ Descriptive Analysis 64
• 4.2. Model PLS-SEM Analysis 67
• 4.2.1. Measurement Model 67
• 4.2.1.1. Reliability Assessment and Convergent Validity 67
• 4.2.1.2. Discriminant Validity Assessment . 70
• 4.2.2. Structural Model 72
• 4.2.2.1. Coefficient of determination and Effect Size 72
• 4.2.2.2. Predictive Relevance (Q²) 73
• 4.2.2.3. Direct effect path coefficient and indirect effect analysis 74
• 4.3. Hypotheses Testing 75
• 4.4. Main Barriers of BIM based FM in Egypt 76
• 4.5. Experts Opinions 78
• 4.5.1. Experts’ recommendation 80
• Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusion 82
• 5.1. Discussion. 82
• 5.2. Conclusion 85
• 5.3. Limitations and Future Recommendations 87
• References . 89
• 국문요지 . 101
• Acknowledgements 102