Study on the determinants of the growth of startups : focusing on government R&D, industry-university cooperation, and organizational learning capability

국문 초록 (Abstract)

급속한 기술의 발전은 기업의 경영환경 변화에 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 인공지능, 메타버스 등의 기술을 기반으로 새로운 산업과 시장이 등장하고 있으며 네트워크 기반 플랫폼 시장은 기존 오프라인 시장을 장악하고 있다. 전통적 제조업 기반 기업들이 차지하고 있던 글로벌 시가총액 순위 역시 마이크로소프트, 애틀, 구글, 테슬라 등의 기업으로 대체되고 있을 정도로 기술의 발전은 많은 것들은 변화시키고 있다.
이러한 변화에 대응하기 위해서 우리나라는 지속적으로 연구개발에 투자를 확대하고 있다. 2021년도 기준 우리나라 전체 R&D 투자 금액이 약 100조원에 가까운데 이는 미국, 중국, 일본, 독일에 이어 세계 다섯 번째 규모이다. 정부 R&D 예산 역시 지속적으로 확대되어 2022년에는 30조원에 가까운 예산이 투입될 예정이지만 혁신기술의 개발, 글로벌 경쟁력 강화, 신시장 창출 등의 가시적인 성과가 부족하다는 지적과 중국을 비롯한 신흥국 과학기술의 급속한 성장으로 우리나라는 어려운 현실에 마주하고 있다. 이로 인해 정부 R&D 예산이 증가한 만큼 효율성 강화가 필요하다는 목소리가 지속적으로 제기되고 있는 것이다.
본 연구는 벤처기업에 대한 정부의 투자가 지속적으로 확대되고 있는 환경에서 기업의 성장과 생존을 위하여 기술 전략과 기업 역량 등의 내부적 환경 요인과 산학협력, 정부 R&D 투자 등의 외부적 환경 요인을 탐색하여 혁신성과와의 관계를 알아보고자 한다. 이를 통해 정부 R&D 예산을 보다 효과적이고 효율적으로 사용될 수 있도록 원인을 찾고자 하는 것이 연구의 목적이다.
이를 위해 과학기술정보통신부와 한국과학기술기획평가원에서 국가연구개발사업 현황을 조사‧분석한 데이터와 벤처기업 대상 설문조사 결과를 활용하였다. 설문지는 총 301부를 수집하여 불성실 응답 및 결측값을 제외한 총 284부를 통계 분석에 사용하였으며 가설검증을 위한 분석도구로는 SPSS 25.0과 AMOS 26.0을 활용하였다.
본 논문은 총 3개의 연구로 구성되어 있다. 첫 번째 연구는 정부 R&D 투자 에 따른 벤처기업의 산학협력 경험이 조직학습역량에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하였으며 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 벤처기업의 산학협력 경험은 조직학습역량에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 조직학습역량을 구성하는 실험정신, 위험감수, 외부와의 상호작용, 대화, 의사결정 참여 등을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 자원과 역량이 부족한 벤처기업이 내부역량을 구축하는 것에 현실적으로 어려움이 많기 때문에 공동연구, 네트워킹 등 외부와 협력으로 조직학습역량을 향상시켜야 할 필요성이 있음을 실증적으로 분석하였다.
두 번째 연구는 벤처기업의 기술 전략 수립이 신제품 개발 및 연구개발 역량 그리고 개방형 혁신 활동에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석하였다. 기술 전략성이 높은 벤처기업은 기술 역량과 연구개발 역량에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 연구개발 역량이 높은 벤처기업은 개방형 혁신 활동에 적극적인 것으로 확인되었으나 기술 역량은 개방형 혁신 활동에 미치는 영향이 나타나지 않았다. 이는 벤처기업이 보유하고 있는 핵심기술이 외부로 유출 되었을 시 대응할 수 있는 역량이 상대적으로 부족하고 기업경영에도 큰 피해를 입을 수 있기에 개방형 혁신 활동에 적극적이지 않은 것이다.
마지막 연구에서는 벤처기업의 정부 R&D 지원 절차에 대한 신뢰에 따라 혁신성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였으며 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선 벤처기업에 대한 정부 R&D 투자는 혁신성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 제조업과 기술 수준이 높은 고기술과 중고기술 그룹에서 유의하였으며 비제조업 및 저기술‧중저기술 그룹에서는 유의하지 않은 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 정부 R&D 지원 정책에 대한 신뢰가 높을수록 정부 R&D 투자에 따른 벤처기업의 혁신성과 역시 높은 것으로 나타났다. 기술 수준별 분석에서도 고기술 및 중고기술 그룹과 제조업 분야에서 정부 R&D 지원 정책에 대한 신뢰의 조절효과를 확인하였다. 그리고 정부 R&D 지원 단계별 신뢰에서는 사전, 중간, 사후 평가에 대한 모든 단계에서 조절효과를 확인함으로써 정부의 R&D 투자 정책의 효과성 제고를 위해서는 R&D 지원 단계 전반에 걸쳐 정책에 대한 신뢰를 제공할 수 있도록 노력하는 것이 중요함을 실증적으로 검증하였다.
본 논문을 통해 벤처기업과 정부 R&D 투자에 대한 정책적‧실무적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다. 첫째, 정부의 R&D 투자가 벤처기업이 외부와 협력을 촉진할 수 있도록 유도해야 한다. 벤처기업은 자원과 역량이 부족하기 때문에 외부와 협력을 통해 새로운 지식을 탐색과 활용함은 물론 연구개발과정에서의 불확실성을 감소시키는 것이 중요하다. 이를 통해 기업의 필요한 자원을 적절하게 공급함으로써 기업 성장과 발전에 도움이 되어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 벤처기업은 자원의 효과적인 배치를 위한 전략적 역량과 이를 확보하기 위한 기술전략 수립이 중요하다. 벤처기업이 보유한 역량은 전략을 실행할 수 있을 만큼 충분하지 않기 때문에 대부분의 자원을 기술개발을 위한 역량향상을 목표로 하고 있는 것을 실증분석 하였다. 따라서 정부지원은 직접적인 연구개발 활동에 대한 투자도 중요하지만 기술 전략의 향상을 통한 역량 강화와 개방형 혁신 활동이 제고되도록 지원이 확대해야 할 것이다. 마지막으로 정부 투자에 따른 벤처기업의 R&D 성과를 극대화하기 위해서는 무엇보다 정부가 집행하는 정책에 대한 신뢰를 제공하는 것이 중요하다. 정부와 공공기관이 집행하는 지원 과정에 대한 신뢰가 높을수록 정책의 효과성 역시 높아질 수 있다는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 최근 정부는 중소기업 R&D 성과제고를 위해 R&D 협력 활성화, 제도 및 인프라 개선 등을 중점으로 투자를 확대하고 있지만 우선적으로 기업에게 신뢰를 제공할 수 있도록 공정하게 제도를 운영하는 것이 중요한 것이다.
본 연구는 이론적으로 벤처기업의 산학협력-조직학습역량-혁신성과, 기술전략-기술/연구개발 역량-개방형혁신 활동의 관계를 지원기반 이론과 조직학습 관점에서 실증데이터를 활용하여 현상을 설명함으로써 이론적 기반을 마련하였다는 것에 의의가 있다. 또한 정부의 R&D 투자에 있어서 지원 절차에 대한 신뢰가 혁신성과를 조절하는 효과를 실증적으로 확인함으로써 정부의 신뢰제공이 벤처기업에게 중요함을 실증적으로 분석하였음에 기존 연구와의 차별성이 있다고 할 것이다.
그러나 본 연구는 다음과 같은 한계점이 있다. 우선 벤처기업이 정부 R&D 지원을 받기 위해서는 다양한 부처와 관리기관을 통해 집행되고 있다. 따라서 정부부처, 기술 분야 등에 따라 지원 절차와 방식이 다르게 나타날 수 있으며 정치, 사회, 문화 등 외부 환경 변화에 따라 특성이 변화할 수 있다. 그렇기에 본 연구에서 활용된 조직학습역량, 기술전략, 정책에 대한 신뢰 수준을 측정하는 방식에 대해 추가적이고 심층적인 검증 절차가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 설문조사의 대상을 정부로부터 R&D 지원을 받은 벤처기업으로 한정하였기 때문에 정부로부터 수혜 경험이 없는 기업과의 비교가 추가적으로 수행 될 필요성이 있다. 정부로부터 R&D 지원을 받지 않고 있는 벤처기업을 대상으로 다양한 의견을 청취함으로써 정부 연구개발 예산의 활용성이 강화 될 수 있는 정책 수립의 기반을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The rapid development of technology is playing an important role in changing the business environment of companies. New industries and markets are emerging based on technologies such as AI, Metaverse, and IoT, as the network-based platform market dominates the existing market. With the global market capitalization ranking occupied by traditional manufacturing-based companies being replaced by companies such as Microsoft, Apple, Google, and Tesla, the technology-based corporate environment is changing rapidly.
To cope with these global changes, the corporates and the government in Korea are also continuously expanding their investments in research and development (R&D). As of 2021, Korea's total R&D investment is close to 100 trillion won; the fifth largest in the world after the United States, China, Japan, and Germany. The government's R&D budget also will continue to expand and invest nearly 30 trillion won in 2022. Nevertheless, South Korea is placed in a difficult situation due to the lack of visible results such as innovative technology development, strengthening global competitiveness, and new market creation. Accordingly, it has been argued that with the increase in government's R&D budget, efficiency also needs to be increased.
In this study, I focus on a startups’ internal and external factors for corporate growth and survival. Internal factors refer to their technological strategies and capabilities, while external factors engage their industry-university cooperation and government R&D investment. Furthermore, the purpose of this study is to find the cause so that the government's R&D budget can be used more effectively and efficiently. For this study, data were collected from national R&D projects produced by the Korea Institute of Science & Technology Evaluation Planning (KISTEP) and survey results for startups. A total of 284 valid questionnaires were obtained and used for statistical analysis, excluding unfaithful responses and 17 missing values. SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 26.0 programs were used as analysis tools for hypothesis verification.
This research consists of a total of three studies. The first study analyzes the effect of startups' industry-university cooperation experiences from government R&D investments on organizational learning capability (OLC) and the results of the empirical analysis indicate that the industry-university cooperation experience of startups has a positive effect on OLC. In particular, it is found to improve the experimentation, risk taking, interaction with the external environment, communication, and participative decision making that constitute organizational learning capability. This result shows the need to improve OLC through external cooperation such as joint research and networking because startups with insufficient resources and capabilities face many difficulties in accumulating internal capabilities.
In the second study, I attempt to analyze the impact of a startups’ technology strategy formulation on technology capabilities for new product development and R&D capabilities, and open innovation activities. Startups with high technology strategy formulation tend to have a positive effect on new product development and R&D capabilities. In addition, startups with high R&D capabilities are active in open innovation activities, however, technology capabilities for new product development do not affect open innovation activities. These results imply that companies mainly make use of internal capabilities from a short-term perspective, and companies with high R&D capabilities from a long-term perspective are considered for open innovation activities.
In the third study, I analyze the impact of startups’ trust in government R&D support procedure on innovation performance, and the empirical analysis of the results indicates that government R&D investments in startups increase innovation performance in the manufacturing and high-technology industries. In particular, it is significant in high-tech and manufacturing groups, and it is not significant in non-manufacturing and low-tech groups. In addition, the higher the trust in the government's R&D support procedure, the higher the innovation performance of startups through government R&D investment. The moderating effect of trust in the government's R&D support procedure is also confirmed by the high technology and manufacturing groups, at all R&D support stages.
Through this study, I intend to provide policy and practical implications for startups and government R&D investments. First, the government's R&D investment should induce startups to promote cooperation with the outside world. Since startups may not have many resources and capabilities, it is important to explore and make use of new knowledge through cooperation with the outside world as well as reduce uncertainty in the R&D procedure. Thus, the findings of this study suggest that governments should be helpful toward corporate growth and development by appropriately supplying the necessary resources for the companies. Second, startups need to establish strategic capabilities for effective resource allocation and strategize technology to secure them. For government support, direct investment in R&D activities is also important, but support should be expanded to strengthen capabilities and enhance open innovation activities by improving technological strategies. Finally, to maximize the R&D performance of startups following government investment, it is most important to provide trust in government-executed policies. It was confirmed that the higher the trust in the support procedure executed by the government and public institutions, the higher the effectiveness of the policy. Recently, the government has been expanding investments focusing on revitalizing R&D cooperation and improving systems and infrastructure to improve R&D performance for Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs), but it is important to execute policies fairly, to provide trust to companies first.
This study has theoretical meanings. The first explains the relationship between startups' technology strategy formulation, technology, and R&D capability, and open innovation based on a resource-based view. In addition, the startup’s experience of cooperation with the universities increases the OLC from the perspective of organizational learning theory. I also present the importance of trust toward the effectiveness of government R&D support in determining how to provide it effectively.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Hirsch-Kreinsen, H., "Low-Tech’ Innovations", 15(1), 19-43, 2008

2 Chesbrough, H., "Managing open innovation", 47(1), 23-26, 2004

3 Pedler, M., Boydell, T. and Burgoyne, J, "Towards the learning company", vol. 20, part 1, pp. 1-8, 1989

4 Shaw, R.B. and Perkins, D.N.T, "Teaching organizations to leam", vol. 9, no. 4, 1991

5 Kim, Ho Jeong, "Trust and Oraganizaion Commitment", 33(2), 19-35, 1999

6 Wernerfelt , B ., "A resource ? based view of the firm .", 5(2), 171-180, 1984

7 Andersen, H. E., & Geil, O, "Evaluation codes from order domain theory", 14(1), 92-123, 2008

8 Simon, J. R., "Reactions toward the source of stimulation", 81(1), 174, 1969

9 Adams, R., Bessant, J., & Phelps, R., "Innovation management measurement: A review", 8(1), 21-47, 2006

10 Nevis, E., DiBella, A.J. and Gould, J.M, "Understanding organization learning systems", Vol. 36 No. 2, pp. 73-85, 1995

11 Mayer , R.C. , Davis , J.H. , & Schoorman , F.D, "An integrative model of organizational trust", 20(3), 709-734, 1995

12 Amabile, T., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J. and Herron, M., "Assessing the work environment for creativity", Vol. 39 No. 5, pp. 1154-84, 1996

13 Teece , D. j. , Pisano , G. , & Shuen , A ., "Dynamic capabilities and strategic management", 18(7), 509-533, 1997

14 Malerba , F., "Sectoral systems of innovation and production", 31(2), 247-264, 2002

15 Oswick, C., Anthony, P., Keenoy, T. and Mangham, I.L, "A dialogic analysis of organizational learning", Vol. 37 No. 6, pp. 887-901, 2000

16 Slater , S. F. , & Narver , J. C., "Market orientation and the learning organization", 59(3), 63-74, 1995

17 Barney , J, "Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage", 17(1), 99-120., 1991

18 Wheelwright, S. C., & Clark, K. B, "Creating project plans to focus product development", pp. 1-12, 1992

19 Griliches , Z., "Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators : A Survey", 28 : 1661 ~ 1707 scholar, 1990

20 Barney, J. B., & Hansen, M. H., "Trustworthiness asa source of competitive advantage", 15(S1), 175-190., 1994

21 Jiménez-Jiménez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R., "Innovation, organizational learning, and performance", 64(4), 408-417, 2011

22 Guellec, D., & Van Pottelsberghe De La Potterie, B, "The impact of public R&D expenditure on business R&D", 12(3), 225-243, 2003

23 Goh, S., & Richards, G., "Benchmarking the learning capability of organizations", 15(5), 575-583, 1997

24 Covin , J. G. , & Slevin , D. P., "A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior", 16(1), 7-26, 1991

25 March , J. G., "Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning", 2(1), 71-87, 1991

26 Lee, Kong-Rae, "Paths-creating capability of leading industriesin Korea", 174), 19-27, 2008

27 Diamond, A. M., "DOES FEDERAL FUNDING CROWD IN PRIVATE FUNDING OF SCIENCE?", 17(4), 423-431, 1999

28 Sinkula, James M., "Market Information Processing and Organizational Learning", 58:35–45 (January), 1994

29 Roh, Taehyup, "Innovation Capabilities of ICT SMEs in the Open Innovation", 19(1), 169-183, 2017

30 Kim, Seok Kwan, "Open Innovation: Theory, Practices, and Policy Implications", 1-330, 2008

31 Popper, M. and Lipshitz, R., "Organizational learning: mechanism, culture and feasibility", Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 181-96, 2000

32 Cotton, J.L., Vollrath, D.A., Foggat, K.L., Lengnick-Hall, M.L. and Jennings, K.R, "Employee participation: diverse forms and different outcomes", Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 8-22, 1988

33 Guan, J., & Ma, N., "Innovative capability and export performance of Chinese firms", 23(9), 737-747, 2003

34 Kim, Ji-hyun, Bae, Sung Joo, Yang, Jae-Suk, "Government roles in evaluation and arrangement of R&D consortia", 202-215, 2014

35 Duncan, R., "Organizational learning: Implications for organizational design", 1, 75-123, 1979

36 Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E., "Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology", 51(1), 115-134, 2004

37 Ulrich, D., Jick, T., & Von Glinow, M. A, "High-impact learning: Building and diffusing learning capability", 22(2), 52-66, 1993

38 Cooper , R. G., "New product strategies : what distinguishes the top performers ?", 1(3), 151-164, 1984

39 Adams , J. D. , Chiang , E. P. , & Jensen , J. L., "The influence of federal laboratory R & D on industrial research", 85(4), 1003-1020, 2003

40 Park, Jaemin, Lee Jungman, "How Do Firms' Innovation Behaviors Affect their Outputs in Korea?", 11(3), 339-350, 2011

41 Templeton, G.F., Lewis, B.R. and Snyder, C.A, "Development of a measure for the organizational learning construct", Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 175-218, 2002

42 Yoon, Dong Sub, Hwang, Kyung Yun, "The Antecedents of R&D Capability and Performance on Venture Firms", 10(1), 55-77, 2007

43 Lee, Chang-yeon, Kim, Byung-Keun, "The Success Factors on Private-Public Technology Collaboration of SMEs", 22(3), 416-445, 2019

44 Raisinghani, M. S., "Knowledge management: A cognitive perspective on business and education", 18(2), 105, 2000

45 Anderson JC , Narus JA ., "A Model of Distributor Firm and Manufacturer Firm Working Partnerships .", 54(1), 42-58, 1990

46 Brown, S. P., "A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement", 120(2), 235, 1996

47 Song, Chiseung, Park, Jaepil, "An Study on the Effectiveness of Venture Firm Supporting Policies in Korea", 20(5), 215-240, 2013

48 Hult, G. T. M., Ketchen Jr, D. J., & Slater, S. F., "Market orientation and performance: an integration of disparate approaches", 26(12), 1173-1181, 2005

49 Thornhill, S., "Knowledge, innovation and firm performance in highand low-technology regimes", 21(5), 687-703, 2006

50 Hsu, C.-W., & Chiang, H.-C., "The government strategy for the upgrading of industrial technology in Taiwan", 21(2), 123-132, 2001

51 Anderson, V., and Boocock, G, "Small firms and internationalisation: learning to manage and managing to learn", 12(3), 5-24, 2002

52 Cooper , A. C., "The role of incubator organizations in the founding of growth ? oriented firms", 1(1), 75-86., 1985

53 Jantunen, A., Puumalainen, K., Saarenketo, S., & Kyläheiko, K., "Entrepreneurial orientation, dynamic capabilities and international performance", 3(3), 223-243, 2005

54 Hult, G. T. M., & Ferrell, O. C., "Global organizational learning capacity in purchasing: Construct and measurement", 40(2), 97-111, 1997

55 Barney , J . B, "Organizational culture : can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage ?", 11(3), 656-665, 1986

56 Ahuja , G., "Collaboration networks , structural holes , and innovation : A longitudinal study", 45(3), 425-455, 2000

57 Lemon, M., & Sahota, P. S., "Organizational culture asa knowledge repository for increased innovative capacity", 24(6), 483-498, 2004

58 Kazanjian , R.K., "Relation of Dominant Problems to Stages of Growth in Technology-based New Ventures", 31(2), 257-279, 1988

59 Ahn, Chi-Soo, Lee, Young-Duck, "An Empirical Analysis of the Influence Factors on Open Innovation Activities in Korea", 14(3), 431-465, 2011

60 Gomez, C., & Rosen, B, "The leader-member exchange asa link between managerial trust and employee empowerment", 26(1), 53-69, 2001

61 Hagedoorn, J, "A note on international market leaders and networks of strategic technology partnering", 16(3), 241-250, 1995

62 Isaksen , S. G. , Lauer , K. J. , & Ekvall , G., "Situational outlook questionnaire : A measure of the climate for creativity and change", 85(2), 665-674, 1999

63 Crossan, M.M. , Maurer, C.C. , & White, R. E., "Reflectionson the 2009 AMR decade award: do we havea theory of organizational learning?", 36(3), 446-460, 2011

64 Kaufmann, A., & Tödtling, F., "How effective is innovation support for SMEs? An analysis of the region of Upper Austria", 22(3), 147-159, 2002

65 Bien, H.-J., Ben, T.-M., & Wang, K.-F., "Trust relationships within R&D networks: A case study from the biotechnological industry", 16(3), 354-373, 2014

66 Oh, Chang-Heon, Ha, Jun-Hong, Kim, Namho, Lee, Moon-Su, "Industry·Government·University Related Professional Practice Model for Higher Education", Volume 3 Issue 2, 2011

67 Ettlie, J. E., Bridges, W. P., & O'keefe, R. D., "Organization strategy and structural differences for radical versus incremental innovation", 30(6), 682-695., 1984

68 Hamilton, W. F., Vila, J., & Dibner, M. D., "Patterns of strategic choice in emerging firms: positioning for innovationin biotechnology", 32(3), 73-86, 1990

69 Chipika, S., & Wilson, G., "Enabling technological learning among light engineering SMEs in Zimbabwe through networking", 26(8), 969-979, 2006

70 Zahra , S. A, "Environment , corporate entrepreneurship , and financial performance : A taxonomic approach", 8(4), 319-340, 1993

71 Argote, L., McEvily, B., & Reagans, R., "Managing knowledge in organizations: An integrative framework and review of emerging themes", 49(4), 571-582, 2003

72 Shin, Young Soo, Jang, Seong Keun, Jung, Hae Hyeog, "Relationship between R&D Investment, Technology Management Capability, and Firm Performance", 38(1), 105-132, 2009

73 Lee Hyun Gook, Kim, Yoonho, "Government Service Performance and Trust in Government: Seoul Metropolitan Government Service", 48(4), 1-22, 2014

74 Choi, Eun-Young, "The Effect of Government Support, Internal R&D and R&D Cooperationon Technological Innovation", 28(4), 1473-1492, 2015

75 Kim, Seo Koon, Park, Beom Soo, Oh, Kyung Seok, "An Analysis on the Characteristics of Incubator Organization Ventures and Independent Ventures", 17(6), 2002

76 Hurmelinna, P., Blomqvist, K., Puumalainen, K., & Saarenketo, S., "Striving Towards R&D Collaboration Performance: The Effect of Asymmetry, Trust and Contracting", 14(4), 374-383, 2005

77 Mu , J. , & Di Benedetto , C . A., "Strategic Orientations and New Product Commercialization : Mediator , Moderator , and Interplay", 41(4), 337-359, 2011

78 Choo, Seungyoup, Yu, Jeong-Min, Limb, Seong-Joon, "A Study on the Effects of the Fit among Environment, Strategy and Competence on Firm Performance", 12(1), 101-126, 2009

79 Baker , W. E. , & Sinkula , J. M., "The synergistic effect of market orientation and learning orientation on organizational performance", 27(4), 411-427, 1999

80 Powell, W.W., "Learning from collaboration: Knowledge and networks in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries", 40(3), 228-240, 1998

81 Menguc , B. , & Auh , S., "Creating a firm-level dynamic capability through capitalizing on market orientation and innovativeness .", 34(1), 63-73, 2006

82 Teece, D. J, "Capturing value from technological innovation: Integration, strategic partnering, and licensing decisions", 18(3), 46-61, 1988

83 Eisenhardt, K. M., and Schoonhoven, C. B, "Resource-based view of strategic alliance formation: Strategic and social effects in entrepreneurial firms", 7(2), 136-150, 1996

84 Teece , D. J., "Explicating Dynamic Capabilities : The Nature and Microfoundations of ( Sustainable ) Enterprise Performance", 28(13), 1319-1350, 2007

85 Chiva, R., & Alegre, J, "Organizational learning capability and job satisfaction: An empirical assessment in the ceramic tile industry", 20(3), 323-340, 2009

86 Song, Geon-Ho, Lee, Cheol-Gyu, Yoo, Wang-Jin, Lee, Dong-Myung, "A Study on the Efforts of Technological Innovation by Academia-Industrial Collaboration for Venture Businesses", 10(11), 3340-3353, 2009

87 Brown, J.S. and Duguid, P., "Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: towarda unified view of working, learning, and innovation", Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 40-57, 1991

88 Lee, Jongmin, Chung, Sunyang, "An Empirical Study on the Effects of Technology Strategy and Technology Planning Capability on Firms’ Profits", 18(1), 2015

89 Kim, Sang-Hyun & Moon,Young-Back, "The Effects of Market Orientation and Entrepreneurial Orientationon Intellectual Capital in Innovation Type SMEs", 34(4), 17-37, 2012

90 Yoon, Ji Woong, "Complementarity Between the Technology Acquisition and In-house R&D: Evidence from the Korean Manufacturing Sectors", 9(2), 236-259, 2006

91 Kim, Sung Joon & Yong, Se Jung, "A Study on Determinant Factors of the Joint Technology Development Project Performance between SMEs and Universities", 19(1), 145-175, 2011

92 Kim, Kon Shik, "The Roles and Interactions of Technology Intensity on the Nonlinear Relationship between R&D Investment and Innovation", 40(1), 1-23, 2018

93 Nunes, P. M., Serrasqueiro, Z. and J. Leitão, "Is there a linear relationship between R&D intensity and growth? Empirical evidence of non-high-tech vs. high-tech SMEs", Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 36-53, 2012

94 Scott-Ladd, B. and Chan, C.C.A, "Emotional intelligence and participation in decision-making: strategies for promoting organizational learning and change", Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 95-105, 2004

95 Moon, Byeong Joon, "The Relationship Between Corporate Core Competencies and Product Innovation Characteristics; Comparison of Nested Models", 14(2), 95-111, 1999

96 Hwang, Sang Don, Lee, Woon-Seek, "The Effects of Strategic Orientationon the Technology Innovation Performances : Mediation Effect of Convergence Capabilities", 18(3), 1451-1469, 2016

97 Lee Il-Han, Hwang Kum-Ju, Kim Hyeon-Cheol, Jo, Se-Keun, "An Empirical Study on the Effects of Tech-Entrepreneurship CEO’s Innovativeness to Strategic orientation andlearning orientation", 27(2), 283-307, 2012

98 Park, Cheonhee, Hong Eunyoung, "The relationship between risk communication and nuclear risk avoidance behavior: Focusing on mediating effects of trust in government", 51(4), 291-322, 2017

99 Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., & LePine, J. A, "Trust, Trustworthiness, and Trust Propensity: A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Unique Relationships With Risk Taking and Job Performance", 92(4), 909-927, 2007

100 Yoo, Hong Lim & Park, Sung Jun, "A Study on the Performance Analysis of Supporting Policy for SMEs R&D: Focused on the Industry-University-Institute Consortium Program", 19(1), 171-196, 2007

101 Okamuro , H., "Determinants of successful R & D cooperation in Japanese small businesses : The impact of organizational and contractual characteristics", 36(10), 1529-1544, 2007

102 Cooper, S. Y., & Park, J. S., "The impact ofincubator'organizationson opportunity recognition and technology innovationin new, entrepreneurial high-technology ventures", 26(1), 27-56, 2008

103 Kim, Shin-woo, Seo, Ribin, Yoon, Heon-deok, "The effect of social capital on firm performance within industrial clusters: Mediating role of organizational learning of clustering SMEs", 17(3), 65-91, 2016

104 Cha, Min-seok, Bae, Zong-tae, "Knowledge-based Growth and Entrepreneurial Journey of New Ventures: Evidence of Knowledge Fit of Organizational Learning and Internal Driving Force", 39(1), 89-121, 2017

105 Kim, Young Joe, "The Effects of Technological Collaborationson the Innovation Outputs and Corporate Financial Performance in Small and Medium-sized Firms of Busan City", 27(3), 123-154, 2005

106 Lee, Cheol Ki, "Regular Papers : A Study on the Relationship between Organizational Learning Level and Organizational Commitment and Perceived Organizational Performance", 33(4), 137-157, 2011