This research examines the enculturation and applications of Aesop’s fables in early modern Korea. Based on the social background of East Asian society that went through a sudden change during an era of Western expansion, this work analyzes 177 type...
This research examines the enculturation and applications of Aesop’s fables in early modern Korea. Based on the social background of East Asian society that went through a sudden change during an era of Western expansion, this work analyzes 177 types, totaling 359 stories from the early 17th century to the early 1920s. Via this foundation, this research then discusses the effects and literary and historical significance that Aesop’s fables had on modern Korean literature.
The transition and influence of Western modern culture that began during the Renaissance in the 14th century expanded its scope on an unprecedented scale across the world. As a global work of classical literature, Aesop’s fables are a collection of stories full of typical wisdom passed down by human beings, encompassing aspects of both East and West. These fables written under the name of Aesop, a Greek slave from the 6th century B.C., contain diverse content. In addition to emphasizing the most basic goodness of humanity, Aesop's fables are dominated by dichotomous thinking, black and white logic, logic of power, reversal of prejudice, and demonstrate the importance of values and wisdom. Aesop's fables were passed over to East Asia with the full-scale expansion of the West over the East at the start of the modern era. Today, these fables are used as literary works or contents of traditional and creative fairy tales in the field of education and publishing.
The diverse themes and concise content of Aesop’s fables expanded their scope indefinitely. Thus, in this study, Aesop's fables are defined by first deciding on a selection criteria and organization the fables. In the process of analysis, comparison and selection, the Perry Index is used as a standard, but currently the most authoritative version of the fables in circulation in the market, the Cheon Byeong-hee copy, and the most circulated version circulated in modern Japan, the Watanabe On version, are used and comparatively analyzed alongside the Aesop's fables of modern Korea.
Modern Korea’s acceptance of Aesop’s fables can be divided broadly into two stages. The first was through the early 17th century texts on Western learning and the second stage was through the domains of publishing and education that developed at the end of the 19th century. The acceptance of Aesop’s fables is closely connected to the influence of the Western world but their vitality is in the transformation of texts and their enculturation. Above all though, there is especially a need to focus on the oral aspects of the fables. Therefore, this research first examines the process of acceptance of Aesop’s fables as examples of Western learning and also analyzes the aspects of their enculturation as they came to be published in modern media at the time. Using this as a foundation, this work then extracts the fables that most frequently appeared in modern media outlets, looks at corresponding stories within the world of Korean oral literature and comparatively analyses their transformative aspects.
Aesop’s fables were featured in Western learning books and were imported directly into Korea. According to The Society of Jesus’ adaptationism missionary strategy, the books of Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) and Diego de Pantoja (1571-1618) were written for the purpose of bringing Catholic missionary teachings to the literati and bureaucrats of China. From the stance of supplementing the Confucian classics, these texts were widely read among the Chinese literati because they marked a new chapter within the discourse in the formation of scholarship that differed from orthodox neo-confucian teaching. Ricci’s works especially were comprised of mild-mannered discussions with well known Chinese nobility; it was through this process that Aesop became introduced and Aesop’s fables were quoted.
The literati of the Joseon dynasty of Korea at the time had no difficulty deciphering these texts. Books on Western learning were rejected, but the literati that had been alienated from the mainstream political sphere, especially those that had doubts about the existing social system, accepted these texts as primary importance. Thus, their focus concentrated on the main content of different western learning that differed from the existing social order of Confucianism and about Aesop’s fables that were quotes as elucidating grounds for a argument and not paying particular attention to them as Western literary works. However, when considering the voluntary acceptance of Christianity as Western learning, it can be inferred that Aesop's fables must have been spoken or transmitted in Korean.
The fables that were published in modern media were accepted as imports, but by and large they also gradually began showing aspects of enculturation that went through a transformation and choice that followed the consciousness of Korea’s historic flow. For example, together with the rise of independence and patriotic enlightenment consciousness, Aesop's fables came to be published in new modern textbooks without being referred to from the conscious standpoint of being foreign literature. In other words, the fables were used as an official form of children’s character-building education that was needed for the formation of the spirit of a modern people. Aesop's fables were used as enlightenment texts for the youth of the day, in crisis situations such as the despoliation of national sovereignty and the nation’s degradation as a colony, while also being used to raise awareness of the current situation of the nation at the time and also to foster education and skills. Not only this, but they also came used in propaganda within the Japanese colonial system, however, the innate critical nature of Aesop’s fables had internalized a sense of resistance, and thus they were also used as a tool of expressive consciousness of indirect resistance. Aesop 's fables in modern Korea were published into various media and according to changes to the system of Japanese imperialism, these fables changed in a flexible way and a consciousness of resistance either came to the surface of the text or came to be internalized.
Aesop’s fables, due to their innately oral attributes, were transmitted down as oral literature and this can be ascertained through the outline of Korean oral literary history. The narrative of Aesop’s fables were thus simplified down in the process, with the fundamental motifs remaining as they had always been while demonstrating receptive features. The concise but familiar narrative was used as a story to draw responses from an audience or to induce a situation. Thus, one is able to gauge the popularity and vitality of Aesop's fables and their cultural enculturation. The symbolic meaning of certain animals came to be formed in combination with the collective unconscious. In addition, different cultural signs, in the narrative process, were either transformed or eliminated as realistic and also folksy things. Also, transformative aspects of music can be found but were instead passed down as traditional musical ballads.
Through the examination of the transformation and acceptance of modern Korea’s Aesop’s fables, this research organizes the literary historic significance of these stories as follows. Firstly, in terms of time, Aesop’s fables before the opening of the country were used to demonstrate order outside of the social system that had a basis in studying abroad and emphasizing on social ethics and personal cultivation. After the opening of the country, Aesop’s fables were then used as texts for educative purposes for children and new forms of learning and at the same time, they embraced the responsibility of the times as a form of enlightenment and education. After the Japanese colonial era, the stories were used to induce conformity to the system but due to the innate critical nature of the stories, critical consciousness became internalized. Secondly, in terms of media, Aesop’s fables which were recorded as a form of Western learning, were recorded as an objective narrative method and were used as an example for developing the point of the argument. The fables that were printed in journals including magazines of modern Korean students who studied abroad expressed a strong sense of social criticism, thereby expressing a sense of resistance to the era of national sovereignty. Those published in books reveals the author' s tendency or argument directly in the form of a figure with a broad audience in mind. Thirdly, in terms of readers, Aesop’s Fables before the opening of the country were fully introduced aimed at Joseon literati class. After the opening of the country, their scope of readership expanded to the youth and the general public due to the rise of enlightenment rituals and the crisis situation of national rights abduction. Not only this, it has been internalized with the influx of the literary texts on Western learning, were passed down orally by the masses.
Aesop's fables in Korea were not transformed into literary works of high artistic value. Instead, his fables have been in constant dialogue with the ruling system from the aspect of the social function of literature. In addition, the fables use animals to easily and interestingly embody ideology for the purpose of transmission to a much broader audience. Above all else, they have came to realize an educational effect through the function of literature as a way of both learning and pleasure. however, Aesop's fables, amusing, wise tales that embody the art of the way in which one should live one’s life, demonstrate a cynical attitude that also tolerates the order of survival of the fittest and the resignation of reality and thus this is something that one must be wary of when applying them to the dimensions of education.