문학과 공감 능력: 심리학으로 들여다 본 문학의 사회적 · 교육적 가치 = Literature and Empathy: Educational Value of Literature from the Psychological Perspective

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study aims to introduce the latest findings in psychology about the power of empathy through reading literature and to discuss the educational value of literature related to empathy. Empathy, the cognitive, emotional, and communicative ability to respond to others’ feelings, is the basis of our daily social interactions. Empathy enables us to analyze, judge, and reason the behaviors of others. It is believed that human beings are born with basic empathy skills and gradually develop them as they grow up. Empathy can be approached in two concepts: attitude of life, or communicative skills. Recently, as empathy as an attitude of life has been more focused, literature has been used in empathic education, which is based on the hypothesis that understanding literary characters would be similar to understanding people in real life. In other words, reading literature is not other than training empathic attitude of life. This interest has led to four psychological researches involving literature and empathy: 1) the social values presented by the novel have the potential to reduce social prejudice in real life, 2) people who read a lot of novels are more likely to have empathic skills and social acumen than non-fiction reader, 3) the more literary fictions you read (not popular fictions), the better your empathy and other social skills will be promoted, 4) multi-perspective novels have the great potential to facilitate the reading of others’ minds. These psychological researches on literature and empathy generally suggest that literary works, especially narratives, can have a positive social impact on readers by improving their ability to read others’ minds. These researches are surely believed to provide scientific evidence for the social, educational value of literature, and it is also expected that literary works will be more actively used in empathic education.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 들어가며
• Ⅱ. 이론적 배경: 공감, 공감 교육과 문학
• Ⅲ. 문학과 공감 능력에 관한 최근의 심리학 연구
• Ⅳ. 나가며: 문학과 공감에 대한 심리학 연구가 남긴 생각거리

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 김영미, "문학텍스트 독서 체험의 인지과학적 이해" 서울대학교 2015

2 장대익, "뇌과학, 경계를 넘다: 신경윤리와 신경인문학의 새 지평" 바다 179-193, 2012

3 제롬 브루너, "교육 이론의 새로운 지평: 마음과 세계를 융합하기" 교육과학사 2011

4 박성희, "공감학: 어제와 오늘" 학지사 2004

5 Miall, David S., "What is Literariness? Three Components of Literary Reading" 28 (28): 121-138, 1999

6 Baron-Cohen Simon, "The ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test Revised Version: A Study with Normal Adults, and Adults with Asperger’s Syndrome or High-functioning Autism" 42 : 241-251, 2001

7 Guarisco, Martha S., "The Wonder of Empathy: Using Palacio’s Novel to Teach Perspective Taking" 43 (43): 56-68, 2015

8 Hatfield, Elaine, "The Social Neuroscience of Empathy" MIT P 19-30, 2009

9 Costanzo, Mark, "The Interpersonal Perception Task-15 (IPT-15): A Guide for Researchers and Teachers" U of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Learning 1993

10 Vezzali, Loris, "The Greatest Magic of Harry Potter: Reducing Prejudice" 45 (45): 105-121, 2014

11 Decety, Jean, "The Functional Architecture of Human Empathy" 3 (3): 71-100, 2004

12 Gorrell, Nancy., "Teaching Empathy through Ecphrastic Poetry: Entering a Curriculum of Peace" 89 (89): 32-41, 2000

13 Goldman, Alvin I, "Simulating Minds : The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading" Oxford UP 2006

14 Kidd, David Comer, "Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind" 342 : 377-380, 2013

15 Hamilton, Ian, "Nurturing Empathy in the English Classroom" 47 (47): 29-30, 2014

16 Davis, Mark H., "Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional Approach" 44 (44): 113-126, 1983

17 Novitz, David, "Knowledge, Fiction and Imagination" Temple UP 117-142, 1987

18 Lauritzen, Carol, "Integrating Learning Through Story : The Narrative Curriculum" Delmar Publishers 1997

19 Stanovich, Keith. E., "Exposure to Print and Orthographic Processing" 24 (24): 402-433, 1989

20 Gerrig, Richard J, "Experiencing Narrative Worlds : On the Psychological Activities of Reading" Yale UP 1993

21 Kehret, Peg, "Encouraging Empathy" 47 (47): 44-45, 2001

22 Jamison, Alanna, "Empathy in the English Classroom: Broadening Perspectives through Literature" 8 (8): 229-244, 2015

23 Hoffman, Martin L., "Empathy and Moral Development" Cambridge UP 29-62, 2000

24 Toranzo, Nilsa C., "Empathy Development: A Critical Classroom Tool" 98 (98): 107-125, 1996

25 Jose, Paul E., "Development of Story Liking: Character Identification, Suspense, and Outcome Resolution" 20 (20): 911-924, 1984

26 Cress, Susan White, "Developing Empathy through Children’s Literature" 120 (120): 593-597, 2000

27 Mar, Raymond A., "Bookworms versus Nerds: Exposure to Fiction versus Non-fiction, Divergent Associations with Social Ability, and the Simulation of Fictional Social Worlds" 40 (40): 694-712, 2006

28 Hodson, Gordon, "Advances in Intergroup Contact" Psychology P 2013

29 Miller, Howard M., "A Dose of Empathy" 54 (54): 380-381, 2001