Expansion of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Common Reed) into Typha spp. (Cattail) Wetlands in Northwestern Indiana, USA

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Expansion of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.

ex Steud. (common reed) into stands of Typha spp. (cattail;

Typha australis L. and T. x glauca) is common in the

wetlands of northwestern Indiana (USA). To understand

this phenomenon better, we investigated the production of

shoot sprouts and proportional allocation of biomass as well

as a potential role for the water table in the relative

dominance of each species. The reduction in sprouts from

rhizomes upon vegetative expansion of Phragmites

appeared to be the most likely process causing the decline

of Typha. The latter had a shoot density of 39/m2 in plots

without Phragmites, but this dropped to 13 shoots m−2 in

plots that had been invaded by Phramites. Such a decline

was likely caused by reduced reserves; e.g., the belowground

biomass of Typha decreased from 11.3 g m−2

without Phragmites to 8.1 g m−2 with Phragmites. The

latter also reduced its belowground biomass but not its

shoot density in the presence of Typha. The mean weight of

Phragmites shoots was 2.9 g, and nearly all produced

inflorescences. Meanwhile, Typha failed to develop spadices

despite its shoots having a greater biomass (7 g). This

suggests that Phragmites is more efficient than Typha in

shoot growth. Springtime flooding appeared to promote the

sprout of Typha shoots from shallow rhizomes (≈18 cm

below the soil surface), whereas the shoot density of

Phragmites showed no correlation with water level in that

season. Deep-rooted Phragmites (≈39 cm) occurred on both

high and low water-table sites, whereas the shallow-rooted

Typha was limited to only the former. Phragmites will

likely continue its expansion, by vegetative sprouts from

rhizomes, into Typha wetlands.

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