韓國의 都市化 : 第二部 解放後 南韓의 都市化 Part 2. South Korean Urbanization, 1945-1960 = Urbanization in Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This is Part 2 of the study "Urbanization in Korea". Following Part 1, which covers the
period 1917-1845 under Japanese control, Part 2 deals with South Korean Urbanization since the liberation of the country in 1945 with emphasis upon the analysis of the process and effects of urbanization.
In spite of (1) the withdrawal of the Japanese, who were mainly urban dwellers and held the overwhelming economic power in Korea Cities, (2) the fatal economic blow in its loss of industry, mineral resourcs and electric power caused by the division of the couutry, and (3) the destruction of urban areas by the Korean War, the process of urban growth in South Korea continued.
Some of the characteristics revealed through the analysis of the process of urbanization in South Korea during the period 1845-1860 are as follows:
1. The trial urban population of South Korea hag grown from 2,831,926 to 6,999,844 or from 14,6% to 28% of tole national population during thin period. Growth during the period is estimated to be 147% (10.5% a year) in contrast to the national increase of 27% and the rural increase of 8.8%.
2. The number of cities increased from 14 to 27 during the same period. The greatest number of dities belonged to the middle class of cities (50,000 to 100,000 pesons). The largest increase in the number of cities occured in this middle class.
3. Compared to the growth of the other size groups, that of the largest cities is distinct. the ratio of the population of the largest cities to the total urban population increased from 79% to 81.6%, while the ratio for the middle clams cities and the small class cities decreased from 19.3% to 17.7% and front 1.6% to 0.7%, respectively, during the period. The population increase of the five largest cities was 50.7% of the total population increase of South Korea during the period. During the Korean War period (1949-55) this rate reached 76.9%. It was 22% during the period 1925-1944.
4. The rate of population growth in all cities existing in 1946 was over 50% for talc period. Cities showing the slowest growth were the port cities on the West Coast. The cities with the fastest growth were the refugee cities during the War, and these showed an increase of over 200%.
5. The following periodic trends can be identified during the period.
A. Despite the confusion in the cities right after the liberation of the country, the growth of urban population during the period 1946-1949 was 22.7% in contrast to the national increase of 4.2% and rural increase of 1.1%. The available statistics showed that 93% of tole growth was due to the social increase in Seoul during the period May 1944-Apri1 1947. The periodic reasons for the rapid urban growth seem to be: (1) The repatriation of Koreans from foreign countries and the influr of refugees from North korea; (2) the political and social instability in the rural areas: and (3) the expected increase of opport unities for Koreans in the Cities. The decline of western port cities due to the cutting off of trade with Japen and China on the one hand, and the growth of the inla‥nd cities on the other hand, were the outstanding features of this period.
B. The dastruction and demage of urban area by the korean War was phenomenal. In the case of the capital city, Seoul, 9% of human lives, about one third of the total houses, 44% of the industrial establishments (factories with over 70% destruction), 14% of national roads, 93% of local roads and 54.5% of the bridges were damaged. Many other urban facilities were also severely damaged. However the loss of lives and the destruction of cities by the Korean Ware did not change the imbalance between the continuously growing urban population and the economic base which support this population. The growth rate of urban population during the Korean War period reached 51.9%, which is the peak for the period after world war 11. The rise and fall of the population of cities during the war reflects the damage by the war and the advance and retreat of the population accompaying the tides of the war. The urban occupational structure in 1955 showed that the population of Korean cities, especially that of Seoul, were to some degree spcialized in urban occupations.
C. The growth of urban population continued with a growth rate of over 24.5% during the latest period 1955-1960, which showed the fellowing features. (1) conspicuous population growth of she largest cities (population growth of the five largest cities was 38.5% of that of South Korea) (2)The slight growth of the population of the middle class cities(growth rate was about 10%). Most cities of this class ware subjected to less damage and absorbed over population during the Korean War period. (3) The increasing intensity of the dominance of the capital city Seoul (Seoul absorbed about 10% of the South Korean total population and 35% of the total urban population).
The two biggest urban problems caused by this accelerated growth of urban population are 1. the econmic poverty of the cities and 2. Confusion of the urban area due to the failure to expand urban facilities.
1. Taking the example of Seoul which has overwhelming economic power in the nations economic life, some of (he evidences of urban poverty of the cities are as follows:
A. 70% of the total of 504,716 households have been remitted their taxes.
B. The structure of occupational population shows that, of the total number of employees, only 8.07%, are in secondary industry while 75.97% are in tertiary industry Of the latter 68% are the fatty marchants. This urban poverty is one of the sources of socioeconomic problems.
C. 23%, of the tonal population are unemployed. This is a 7% decrease compared to that in 1937 (The ratio of unemployment to total urban population of South Korea is 25.8%).
2. Urban areas can not provide minimum facilities such as housing, water supply, sewage disposal, electricity, transportation and social and cultural establishments. Present urban planning is limited to only the reinforcement of already existing built up areas, roads, and sewage age systems. Some examples of the lack of the urban facilities are analysed.
In view of the decree of industrial devlopment which is the urban ecomonic base, the urban population of South korea has reached its saturation point. But the movement of population concentulaion to the cities has been continuing steadily and rapidly despite the many political and socio-economic changes after World War 11 and will continue In the near future. even if there is not any adequate industrial development. As the counter-measures to be taken for the over population concentration which has arisen and has created numerous problems. the following are suggested.
1. Stabilize rural life. because the main cause of Korean urbanization is the rasult of rural poverty which pushes tremendous rural populations to the cities rather than the result of an urban pull due to urban industrial development.
2. develope urban indusrty to keep pace with the level of urbanization reached today.
This is most urgent and fundmental.
3. Project economic and social stabilization pokily by comprehensive economic development.
4. develop local urban centers for specific functions.
5. establish a general policy of decentralization.
6. establish long-term urba planning to expand urban facilities.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 解放後의 南韓都市化의 槪況
• 1) 增加의 實數 及 增加率
• 2) 市數의 增加
• 3) 階級別 都市人口增加
• 4) 都市別 人口增加
• 5) 都市人口增加와 關聯現象의 變化
• 2. 6 · 25事變期(1949-1955)의 都市人口의 變化
• 1) 解放直後의 昏亂과 都市人口
• 2) 人口都市集中의 原因
• 3. 6 · 25事變期(1955-1960)의 都市人口의 變化
• 1) 6 · 25事變期에 依한 都市地域의 被害
• 2) 事變中의 人口再配置
• 3) 都市地域의 産業構造의 變化
• 4. 最近(1955-1960)의 都市化
• 1) 最近의 都市化의 實態
• 2) 서울의 發達
• 5. 都市化의 影響(都市問題)
• 1) 都市의 經濟的 貧困
• 2) 非計劃的 都市環境
• 3) 人口都市集中에 對한 對策