Structural and Kinetic Characteristics of 1,4-Dioxane-Degrading Bacterial Consortia Containing the Phylum TM7 = Structural and Kinetic Characteristics of 1,4-Dioxane-Degrading Bacterial Consortia Containing the Phylum TM7

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

1,4-Dioxane-degrading bacterial consortia were enriched from forest soil (FS) and activated sludge (AS) using a defined medium containing 1,4-dioxane as the sole carbon source. These two enrichments cultures appeared to have inducible tetrahydrofuran/dioxane and propane degradation enzymes. According to qPCR results on the 16S rRNA and soluble di-iron monooxygenase genes, the relative abundances of 1,4-dioxane-degrading bacteria to total bacteria in FS and AS were 29.4% and 57.8%, respectively. For FS, the cell growth yields (Y), maximum specific degradation rate (V_max), and half-saturation concentration (K_m) were 0.58 mg-protein/mg-dioxane, 0.037 mg-dioxane/mg-protein·h, and 93.9 mg/l, respectively. For AS, Y, V_max, and K_m were 0.34 mg-protein/mg-dioxane, 0.078 mg-dioxane/mg-protein·h, and 181.3 mg/l, respectively. These kinetics data of FS and AS were similar to previously reported values. Based on bacterial community analysis on 16S rRNA gene sequences of the two enrichment cultures, the FS consortium was identified to contain 38.3% of Mycobacterium and 10.6% of Afipia, similar to previously reported literature. Meanwhile, 49.5% of the AS consortium belonged to the candidate division TM7, which has never been reported to be involved in 1,4-dioxane biodegradation. However, recent studies suggested that TM7 bacteria were associated with degradation of non-biodegradable and hazardous materials. Therefore, our results showed that previously unknown 1,4-dioxane-degrading bacteria might play an important role in enriched AS. Although the metabolic capability and ecophysiological significance of the predominant TM7 bacteria in AS enrichment culture remain unclear, our data reveal hidden characteristics of the TM7 phylum and provide a perspective for studying this previously uncultured phylotype.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Li M, "Widespread distribution of soluble di-iron monooxygenase (SDIMO) genes in Arctic groundwater impacted by 1,4-dioxane" 47 : 9950-9958, 2013

2 Winsley TJ, "The ecological controls on the prevalence of candidate division TM7 in polar regions" 5 : 345-, 2014

3 Kohlweyer U, "Tetrahydrofuran degradation by a newly isolated culture of Pseudonocardia sp. strain K1" 186 : 301-306, 2000

4 Mohr TKG, "Solvent Stabilizers" Santa Clara Valley Water District 2001

5 Coleman NV, "Soluble di-iron monooxygenase gene diversity in soils, sediments and ethene enrichments" 8 : 1228-1239, 2006

6 Kampfer P, "Pseudonocardia tetrahydrofuranoxydans sp. nov" 56 : 1535-1538, 2006

7 Mahendra S, "Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans sp nov., a novel actinomycete that grows on 1,4-dioxane" 55 : 593-598, 2005

8 Muyzer G, "Profiling o f complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA" 59 : 695-700, 1993

9 Laplante K, "Parallel changes of taxonomic interaction networks in lacustrine bacterial communities induced by a polymetallic perturbation" 6 : 643-659, 2013

10 Han JS, "Optimization of biological wastewater treatment conditions for 1,4-dioxane decomposition in polyester manufacturing processes" 59 : 995-1002, 2009

11 Zenker MJ, "Occurrence and treatment of 1,4-dioxane in aqueous environments" 20 : 423-432, 2003

12 Lane DJ, "Nucleic Acid Techniques In Bacterial Systematics" John Wiley and Sons 115-175, 1991

13 Xie S, "Novel a erobic benzene degrading microorganisms identified in three soils by stable isotope probing" 22 : 71-81, 2011

14 Nei M, "Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics" Oxford University Press 2000

15 Zenker MJ, "Modeling cometabolism of cyclic ethers" 19 : 215-228, 2002

16 Zenker MJ, "Mineralization of 1,4-dioxane in the presence of a structural analog" 11 : 239-246, 2000

17 Popoola AV, "Mechanism of reaction involving the formation of dioxane byproduct during the production of poly(ethylene terephthalate)" 43 : 1875-1877, 1992

18 Tamura K, "MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0" 30 : 2725-2729, 2013

19 Mahendra S, "Kinetics of 1,4-dioxane biodegradation by monooxygenase-expressing bacteria" 40 : 5435-5442, 2006

20 Sei K, "Isolation and characterization of bacterial strains that have high ability to degrade 1,4-dioxane as a sole carbon and energy source" 24 : 665-674, 2013

21 Hugenholtz P, "Investigation of candidate division TM7, a recently recognized major lineage of the domain bacteria with no known pure-culture representatives" 67 : 411-419, 2001

22 Dinis JM, "In search of an uncultured humanassociated TM7 bacterium in the environment" 6 : e21280-, 2011

23 Gedalanga PB, "Identification of biomarker genes to predict biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane" 80 : 3209-3218, 2014

24 Luo C, "Identification of a novel toluene-degrading bacterium from the candidate phylum TM7, as determined by DNA stable isotope probing" 75 : 4644-4647, 2009

25 Leahy JG, "Evolution of the soluble diiron monooxygenases" 27 : 449-479, 2003

26 Sei K, "Evaluation of the biodegradation potential of 1,4-dioxane in river, soil and activated sludge samples" 21 : 585-591, 2010

27 Mohr TKG, "Environmental Investigation and Remediation: 1,4-Dioxane and Other Solvent Stabilizers" CRC Press 2010

28 Ding GC, "Dynamics of bacterial communities in two unpolluted soils after spiking with phenanthrene: soil type specific and common responders" 3 : Article 29-, 2012

29 Findlay M, "Dioxane-degrading propanotrophs for in-situ remediation" 2007

30 Liz JAZE, "Degradation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) by a consortium obtained from a contaminated soil composed of Brevibacterium, Pandoraea and Ochrobactrum" 25 : 165-170, 2009

31 Bernhardt D, "Degradation of dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and other cyclic ethers by an environmental Rhodococcus strain" 36 : 120-123, 1991

32 Coleman HM, "Degradation of 1,4-dioxane in water using TiO2 based photocatalytic and H2O2/UV processes" 146 : 496-501, 2007

33 Parales RE, "Degradation of 1,4-dioxane by an actinomycete in pure culture" 60 : 4527-4530, 1994

34 Nakamiya K, "Degradation of 1,4-dioxane and cyclic ethers by an isolated fungus" 71 : 1254-1258, 2005

35 So MH, "Decomposition of 1,4-dioxane by photo-Fenton oxidation coupled with activated sludge in a polyester manufacturing process" 59 : 1003-1009, 2009

36 Felsenstein J, "Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap" 39 : 783-791, 1985

37 Gómez-Gil L, "Characterization of biphenyl dioxygenase of Pandoraea pnomenusa B-356 as a potent polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading enzyme" 189 : 5705-5715, 2007

38 Thompson JD, "CLUSTAL W:improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice" 22 : 4673-4680, 1994

39 Grady CPL, "Biotechnology in the Sustainable Environment" Plenum Press 1997

40 Vainberg S, "Biodegradation of ether pollutants by Pseudonocardia sp. strain ENV478" 72 : 5218-5224, 2006

41 Roy D, "Biodegradation of dioxane and diglyme in industrial waste" 29 : 129-147, 1994

42 Zenker MJ, "Biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane using trickling filter" 130 : 926-931, 2004

43 Kim YM, "Biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane and transformation of related cyclic compounds by a newly isolated Mycobacterium sp. PH-06" 20 : 511-519, 2009

44 Burback BL, "Biodegradation and biotransformation of groundwater pollutant mixtures by Mycobacterium vaccae" 59 : 1025-1029, 1993

45 Lippincott D, "Bioaugmentation and propane biosparging for In Situ Biodegradation Of 1,4-dioxane" 35 : 81-92, 2015

46 Garrity GM, "Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology; Volume Two: The Proteobacteria;Part C: The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria" Springer 2005

47 Krieg NR, "Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology:Volume 4: The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes" Springer Science & Business Media 2011

48 Connon SA, "Bacterial community composition determined by culture-independent and -dependent methods during propane-stimulated bioremediation in trichloroethenecontaminated groundwater" 7 : 165-178, 2005

49 Alonso-Gutiérrez J, "Bacterial communities from shoreline environments (Costa da Morte, Northwestern Spain) affected by the Prestige oil spill" 75 : 3407-3418, 2009

50 Hanada A, "Bacteria of the candidate phylum TM7 are prevalent in acidophilic nitrifying sequencing-batch reactors" 29 : 353-362, 2014

51 Kimura M, "A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences" 16 : 111-120, 1980