가톨릭 미사에서의 "구원"의 상징성 = Symbolism of Salvation in the Roman Catholic Mass

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문에서는 가톨릭의 미사에 나타난 구원의 상징성을 칼 융의 분석심리학적 입장에서 조명해 보고자 한다. 인간의 구원에 대한 동경은 인간 의식이 태어나면서부터 시작된 것이기에 모든 인간의 증언에서 보편적으로 발견되고 있다. 그리스도교는 하느님과 인간의 역사를 구원의 역사로 보면서 구원을 하느님 계시(啓示)의 한 사건으로 보고 있다. 융은 미사의 목적을 일종의 ``신비적 관여``, 혹은 사제와 신자가 그리스도와 하나 되는 것으로 보았다. 미사에서 제물이며 동시에 제물을 바치는 자인 그리스도의 희생은 성체변화에 대한 사제의 말을 통해서 일어나는데, 이는 한편으로는 우리의 심혼이 그리스도와 동화되는 것이고, 다른 한편으로는 그리스도의 형상을 우리의 심혼 속에 내면화하는 것으로 보았다. 융은 그리스도의 희생적 죽음은 구체적 시간 안에서 일어났지만 그 자체는 시간을 초월하는 사건인 것으로 보았다. 고통당하는 구속자(redeemer)가 매달린 십자가는 그리스도인들에게는 참으로 심오한 믿음의 상징이며, 바로 대극의 갈등을 하나로 통합한 구원의 상징이기도 하다. 그것은 바로 대극의 화해와 이를 통한 전체성의 달성을 의미하는 것이다. 그러므로 융은 성찬의 비의를, 부분적이고 유한한 인간의 심혼을 그 리스도로 표현되는 전체성으로 변환시키는 것으로 본 것이다. 이는 가톨릭의 미사가 지닌 분명한 인간구원의 상징이며, 이런 면에서 미사는 바로 개성화 과정의 의식이라 부를 수 있는 것으로 융은 이해하고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Salvation is one of the core concepts of Christianity. As every facet of human history witnesses universal existence of salvation, longing for salvation began as human consciousness came into being. Christianity refers to history of God and humanity as that of salvation, which is one of the revelations of God. The term "revelation of God" deals with how God has made the will of God known to human beings. The will of God is the saving will of God found in humanity and can be understood as the specific act of God`s self-giving in order to save humanity. In the Old Testament, salvation means to help, to support, and to redeem while in the New Testament, it means help, redemption, liberation, intervention of God, healing, a guarantee of life, happiness, peace, and forgiveness of sins. This thesis focuses on symbolism of salvation from a perspective of analytical psychology. Carl Jung remarked that the purpose of mass is a sort of ``mystic participation``, where priest celebrant, participants in mass, and Christ become one body. In the mass, transubstantiation, the transformation by which the bread and wine of the Eucharist becomes in substance the body and blood of Christ, who is both sacrifice itself and the priest who offers the sacrifice, takes place when the priest reads the Eucharistic prayer. It refers to the assimilation of hearts and souls of the participants into Christ and the internalization of the image of Christ into their heart and soul. Therefore, mass repeats, at least allusively, the whole drama of the Incarnation of Christ. Participants at mass become sacrifice itself. However, becoming sacrifice is only possible when they give themselves selflessly as sacrifice as Jesus gave himself as sacrifice with his free will. In the Eucharist, it is when priest celebrant reads the part of the Eu-charistic prayer referring to the transformation of the substances of bread and wine that the substances of bread and wine are turned into the substance of Christ himself. The moment of the change is a moment of the Incarnation of Christ and a moment where Christ`s suffering and death meet. This is a symbol that makes it possible for priest celebrant and participants in mass to be saved. Hence, the transformation of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ at mass symbolizes salvation. The author argues that the symbol of transformation and that of salvation at mass are inseparable as if they are the two sides of the same coin. Priest celebrant at mass brings this mystic moment into relief but the person in operation actually at mass is Christ who sacrifices himself always and everywhere. Carl Jung regarded Christ`s death as an event that transcends time frame even though it took place within a chronological dimension of time. For Christians the cross on which the suffering Redeemer was hung is the symbol of profound faith and of salvation that unify extremes of conflicts operating in polarity. This means that reconciliation of the extremes becomes a reality and realization of wholeness is also possible through the reconciliation. Therefore, for Jung the importance of the mystic meaning of the Eucharist lies in the transformation of part and limited hearts of humanity into wholeness manifested in Christ. This indicates an apparent symbol of salvation of human beings embedded in mass and in this light Jung understands mass as a liturgy of individuation process. From a perspective of analytical psychology, Christ who is God but became human being demonstrates that the Self made an approach to the ego and opened the possibility that the ego can recognize the self, a true human aspect. In other words, the fact that the Son of God became human being indicates that the Son of God opened the door to self? realization, i.e. individuation. This is Christ`s salvific enterprise and the symbol of salvation continues to be present at the Roman Catholic mass. For Christians, salvation is a way to recognize wholeness of oneself as the Imago Dei by giving the ego as a sacrificial offering and participating willingly in the life of Christ. This is a way that leads them to the self and is related to Jung`s ``individuation process.``