Recently, local government has interested in improving the system of Out-of-Home (OOH) since it provides a high quality of the city-sight and national identity. This study aims to explore the policy of OOH's design for creating a new culture of the ci...
Recently, local government has interested in improving the system of Out-of-Home (OOH) since it provides a high quality of the city-sight and national identity. This study aims to explore the policy of OOH's design for creating a new culture of the city through the theoretical and empirical evidences. Also, this study will provide an insight of the public-private cooperative (networking) system in establishing the OOH policy.
To achieve this purpose, we took two approaches. First, case study were conducted to analyze the environment of the cooperative system between people and the local government. The case study is targeted by model cities for exhibiting the good example of OOH's design promoted by the national government. The five cities were selected as good examples that provide main processes and outcomes of the OOH's examples. To ensure the representativeness of sample cities, we classified the size of sample cities into three categories; two large cities (Cheonggyecheon at Seoul and Gwangbokro at Pusan), two medium cities (An-yang City and Pa-ju City), and one new city (Dongtan New town). we overview the project performance of OOH's design including the background and purpose, the environment analysis, the design guideline, and the evaluation of projects each case.
Second, the empirical survey were conducted by citizen and public officials who reside in the model cities and public officials who reside in the other cities. The data of other cities were used to compare with the responses of the model cities. A total of 390 respondents were completed the questionnaire: the officials of model cities were 15.1 percent (n=59); the officials of other cities were 54.1% (n=211); and the citizens of model cities were 30.8% (n=120). Average age of respondents were 39.49 years (sd=9.15). 73.8 percent were male and 26.2 percent were female respondents.
From the case study, public-private network system was classified into three types. The cases of Cheonggyechun and Dongtan New town are referred to a "active citizen, building owner, and governance versus passive store owner" type. The cases of An-yang City and Pa-ju City are defined as a "active building owner, store owner, and governance versus passive citizen" type, while the case of Gwangbokro is defined as a "active all members (citizen, building owners, store owners, and governance)" type. This will provide a new typology in the notion of regional networking system that is required to the collaboration between people and local governments.
Some implications of the case study are as follows: First, The quantity and size of OOHs are not a sufficient condition but a necessary condition for achieving the high sales performance. Therefore, the maintenance of outdoor advertisement (sign board) will contribute to increase the demand of tourist attractiveness and ultimately store profits. Second, it is required an active participation of all members including citizen, building owners, store owners, and governance. All members must recognize that the sign board is an important component for developing the beautiful street and city culture, and thus improves the quality of people's living. Third, the project of OOH's design will have a synergy for other national projects since the cooperative system is useful to draw a people's understanding and social agreement on the governmental policy.
On the other hand, Results of our empirical study (survey) suggest that building a collaborative system is an essential task in managing the OOHs such as sign boards of city buildings. Our findings also indicate that development of OOHs can be effective when keeping pace with the improvement of laws and regulations as well as the user education of OOHs. Results imply that an important task remains about how local governments can lead to the people's participation of OOH's projects at the collaborative system.
Based on the case study and the results of empirical study, we suggest some points for establishing the collaborative system of OOHs in the regional governance. First, the current law system of OOHs should be changed the government-dominant management into the networking management based on the public-private collaboration. Second, it needs to change the notion of OOH's law, that is, the notion must reflect a broad conceptualization of the culture and beauty as a social capital on the community. Third, a flexibility is important to adjust a lot of practical problems in the administration of networking systems. Fourth, the consistency of regulation and control is required to maximize the effectiveness and specialty of administration. Fifth, management system of OOH must reflect distinctive characteristics of the city including peculiar culture and regional landscape. Sixth, it can be preferred a financial regulation system to an administrative enforcement in order to maintain the voluntary control of regional OOHs. Seventh, the collaborative system can consist of citizen, building and store owners, local and national government, outdoor firms, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Finally, nourishment of OOH's industry by local and national government are required to the development of a new design and supporting of administrative procedures, particularly providing the high quality of user education.
It can be concluded that results contribute to establish an efficient policy of the public-private collaboration. In other words, the partnership between all members is a crucial key for building an effective system of the public-private collaboration since government-initiative policy is not likely to lead to the active participation of people.