Comparative biology of the normal lung

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• List of Contributors = xv
• Section �� Structural and Cellular Diversity of the Mammalian Respiratory System / Kent E. Pinkerton ; Laura S. Van Winkle ; Charles G. Plopper
• 1 Overview of Diversity in the Respiratory System of Mammals / Kent E. Pinkerton ; Laura S. Van Winkle ; Charles C. Plopper = 3
• 2 Comparative Anatomy and Epithelial Cell Biology of the Nose / Jack R. Harkema = 7
• 1. Introduction = 7
• 2. Gross Anatomy = 7
• 3. Preparation of Nasal Tissues for Microscopic Examination = 9
• 4. Histology and Cell Biology of the Nasal Epithelium = 10
• 5. Conclusion = 18
• References = 18
• 3 Gross and Subgross Anatomy of Lungs, Pleura, Connective Tissue Septa, Distal Airways, and Structural Units / Janice L. Peake ; Kent E. Pinkerton = 21
• 1. Introduction = 21
• 2. Observations = 21
• 3. Discussion = 28
• 4. Summary = 29
• References = 29
• 4 Architecture of the Tracheobronchial Tree / Kent E. Pinkerton ; Laura S. Van Winkle ; Charles G. Plopper ; Suzette Smiley-Jewell ; Elvira C. Covarrubias ; John T. McBride = 33
• 1. Introduction = 33
• 2. Trachea and Airways = 33
• 3. Intralobar Airways = 35
• 4. Novel Approaches for the Study of the Tracheobronchial Tree = 46
• References = 49
• 5 Secretory Glycoconjugates of the Trachea and Bronchi / Judith A. St George = 53
• 1. Introduction = 53
• 2. Gel-Forming Mucin = 53
• 3. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry = 54
• 4. Lectin Histochemistry and Cytochemistry = 55
• 5. Immunohistochemistry = 58
• 6. Quantitation = 58
• 7. Conclusions = 58
• References = 59
• 6 Epithelial Cells of Trachea and Bronchi / Susan D. Reynolds ; Kent E. Pinkerton ; Andrew T. Mariassy = 61
• 1. Introduction = 61
• 2. Definitions and Nomenclature = 61
• 3. Airway Regions = 62
• 4. Comparative Structure of the Tracheobronchial Tree = 63
• 5. Comparative Morphology of the Airway Epithelium = 64
• References = 77
• 7 Epithelial Cells of the Bronchiole / Charles G. Plopper ; Dallas M. Hyde = 83
• 1. Introduction = 83
• 2. Microenvironment of Bronchiolar Epithelium = 83
• 3. Composition of Bronchiolar Epithelium = 85
• 4. Ultrastructure of Nonciliated Bronchiolar Epithelial Cells = 88
• 5. Summary = 88
• References = 91
• 8 Architecture of the Gas Exchange Region of the Lungs / Robert R. Mercer ; James D. Crapo = 93
• 1. Introduction = 93
• 2. Definitions = 93
• 3. Methods of Study = 95
• 4. Comparisons of Structure Across Species = 95
• 5. Variation in Size = 97
• 6. Vascular Perfusion of the Acinus = 99
• 7. Size Limitations in Gas Exchange = 101
• 8. Appendix A = 102
• Disclaimer = 103
• Acknowledgments = 103
• References = 103
• 9 Architecture and Cellular Composition of the Air-Blood Tissue Barrier / Kent E. Pinkerton ; Peter Gehr ; Alejandro Castaneda ; James D. Crapo = 105
• 1. Introduction = 105
• 2. Organization of the Gas Exchange Region of the Lungs = 105
• 3. Cellular Composition of the Air-Blood Tissue Barrier = 111
• 4. Summary = 116
• References = 116
• 10 Basement Membranes and the Extracellular Matrix / Jane E. Farrington ; Philip L. Sannes = 119
• 1. Introduction = 119
• 2. Methodological Approaches = 120
• 3. Discussion and Conclusions = 126
• Acknowledgments = 127
• References = 127
• 11 Comparative Mammalian Lung Primary Surface Epithelial Cell Culture / Peter F. Bove ; Scott H. Randell = 129
• 1. Introduction = 129
• 2. Brief History of Lung Epithelial Cell Culture = 129
• 3. Lung Organ Cultures and In Vivo Grafting = 129
• 4. Modern Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures = 130
• 5. Modern Alveolar Epithelial Cell Cultures = 135
• References = 135
• Section �� Comparative Respiratory Physiology of the Normal Lung / Daniel L. Costa ; Jeffrey S. Tepper
• 12 Gas Exchange at Rest and during Exercise in Mammals / Peter D. Wagner ; James H. Jones ; Kim E. Longworth = 143
• 1. Introduction = 143
• 2. Absolute versus Allometric Comparisons in Physiology = 143
• 3. Demand for Oxygen and Flux through the Respiratory System = 144
• 4. Measuring Rates of Whole Body Oxygen Consumption = 145
• 5. Diffusion of Gases = 150
• 6. Alveolar-Capillary Conductance : Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity(Transfer Factor) = 154
• 7. O��and CO��Uptake Kinetics of Red Blood Cells = 160
• 8. Changes in Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity($$D_{L}$$) = 160
• 9. Carbon Dioxide Transport = 168
• 10. Oxygen Transport = 172
• 11. Capillary Transit (Contact) Time = 173
• 12. Partial Pressures of Alveolar Gas = 173
• 13. Blood Gas Values = 174
• 14. Arterial Hypoxemia = 174
• 15. Ventilation-Perfusion Distributions = 175
• 16. Integration of Transport Processes for O��between the Air and the Muscle Mitochondria = 176
• 17. Summary = 178
• References = 178
• 13 Aging of the Normal Lung / Graeme R. Zosky = 185
• 1. Introduction = 185
• 2. Lung Structure = 186
• 3. Lung Function = 191
• 4. Gas Exchange = 197
• 5. Patterns of Ventilation = 199
• 6. Concluding Remarks = 201
• References = 201
• 14 Pulmonary Hemodynamics / Saurabh Aggarwal ; Christine M. Gross ; Robert J. Porcelli ; Stephen M. Black = 205
• 1. Pulmonary Hemodynamics : Historical Perspective = 205
• 2. The Basic Principles of Hemodynamics = 205
• 3. Pulmonary Hemodynamics = 206
• 4. Effects of Gravity on Pulmonary Circulation = 207
• 5. Ventilatory Effects on Pulmonary Hemodynamics = 213
• 6. Surface Tension Effects on Pulmonary Hemodynamics = 214
• 7. Pressure Effects on Pulmonary Blood Flow = 215
• 8. Viscosity Effects on Pulmonary Hemodynamics = 221
• 9. Pulmonary Blood Volume = 222
• 10. Effect of Vascular Compliance on Pulmonary Blood Flow = 225
• 11. Vessel Recruitment versus Distension = 226
• 12. Pressure-Flow Relationships = 227
• 13. Modeling of the Pulmonary Circulation = 230
• 14. Concluding Remarks = 234
• References = 235
• 15 Comparative Control of Respiration / Mehdi Saeed Hazari ; Aimen K. Farraj = 245
• 1. Introduction = 245
• 2. Overview of Respiratory Control = 245
• 3. Interspecific Constants and Systematic Variations with Body Size = 256
• 4. Measurements of Respiratory Drive and Ventilatory Responses = 258
• 5. Factors that Alter Breathing Patterns = 261
• 6. Conclusion = 279
• Disclaimer = 280
• References = 280
• 16 Mechanical Properties of the Lung / Jason H.T. Bates = 289
• Symbols and Abbreviations = 289
• 1. Introduction = 289
• 2. Empirical Assessment of Lung Mechanical Function = 290
• 3. Parameters of Lung Mechanical Function = 291
• 4. Lung Impedance = 294
• 5. Summary and Conclusions = 301
• References = 302
• 17 Methods, Measurements, and Interpretation of Animal Lung Function in Health and Disease / Jeffrey S. Tepper ; Daniel L. Costa = 305
• List of Abbreviations = 305
• 1. Introduction = 306
• 2. Measurement Techniques = 306
• 3. Indices of Pulmonary Function = 310
• 4. Caveats = 323
• 5. Allometry = 325
• 6. Practical Use and Interpretation of Pulmonary Function Tests = 327
• 7. Conclusion = 341
• References = 341
• Appendix A. Selected References on Comparative Mammalian Respiratory Physiology = 350
• Section �� Comparative Biology of the Normal Lung / Debra L. Laskin ; Andrew J. Gow
• 18 Oxygen Metabolism in the Lung / Andrew J. Gow ; Henry J. Forman = 355
• 1. Oxygen Chemistry = 355
• 2. Bioenergetics = 356
• 3. Oxygen-Dependent Metabolic Reactions = 362
• 4. Oxygen-Dependent Reactions in the Lung = 364
• 5. Conclusions = 368
• Acknowledgment = 368
• References = 368
• 19 The Biochemistry of Endothelial Cells / Rashmin C. Savani = 375
• 1. Introduction = 375
• 2. NO and NOS = 375
• 3. Endothelial NOS = 376
• 4. The Glycocalyx, Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction = 378
• 5. Hyaluronan, HA Receptors, and Angiogenesis = 379
• 6. Other Signaling Pathways Regulating Endothelial Functions = 381
• 7. Summary = 383
• Acknowledgments = 383
• References = 383
• 20 Comparative Biology of the Normal Lung Extracellular Matrix / Stephanie A. Matthes ; Ryan Hadley ; Jesse Roman ; Eric S. White = 387
• 1. Extracellular Matrix Basic Architecture = 387
• 2. ECM Molecules = 387
• 3. ECM in Lung Development = 392
• 4. Compartmentalization of ECM in the Postnatal Human Lung = 394
• 5. The ECM of the Aging Lung = 396
• 6. Study of Normal Lung ECM = 397
• 7. Conclusions = 400
• References = 400
• 21 Lipid Mediators and Lung Function / Barry Weinberger ; Daniel Hirsch ; Kingsley Yin ; Bernd W. Spur = 403
• 1. Prostanoids = 403
• 2. Isoprostanes = 405
• 3. Leukotrienes = 406
• 4. Endocannabinoids = 408
• 5. Platelet-Activating Factor = 408
• 6. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-�� 409
• 7. Lipoxins = 409
• 8. Resolvins E��, E��, and E�� = 411
• 9. Resolvins D��, D��, D��, D��, D?, D?, Maresin 1, Protectin D�� = 411
• 10. Summary and Conclusions = 412
• References = 414
• 22 Lung Lipid Composition and Surfactant Biology / Aron B. Fisher = 423
• 1. Introduction = 423
• 2. Lipid Composition = 424
• 3. Lipid Biosynthesis = 432
• 4. Changes in Lung Phospholipids and Related Parameters during Fetal Development = 448
• 5. Regulation of Lipid Biosynthesis = 452
• 6. Lamellar Body Genesis = 454
• 7. Surfactant Secretion = 456
• 8. Surfactant Lipid Recycling = 459
• Acknowledgment = 461
• References = 461
• Additional References = 466
• 23 Regulation of Airway Lining Fluid in Health and Disease / James D. Londino ; James F. Collawn ; Sadis Matalon = 467
• 1. Overview = 467
• 2. Mucociliary Clearance = 467
• 3. Ion Transport Across Lung Epithelial Cells = 467
• 4. ENaC and CFTR = 468
• 5. Role of Other Ion Channels = 469
• 6. Cystic Fibrosis Disease = 469
• 7. Beta ENaC Mouse = 470
• 8. CF Pig = 470
• 9. Alteration of Ion Transport by Influenza = 471
• 10. Alteration of Fluid Clearance by Influenza In Vivo = 472
• 11. Alteration of Fluid Clearance Throughout Infection = 472
• 12. Alteration of ENaC Activity by the Influenza Ion Channel M2 Protein = 473
• 13. Alteration of CFTR Activity by Influenza M2 Protein = 474
• 14. Net Effect of ENaC and CFTR Inhibition? = 474
• Acknowledgments = 475
• References = 475
• 24 Zinc Homeostasis in Lung / Hui-Hua Li ; Kalidasan Thambiayya ; Murat Kaynar ; Karla A. Wasserloos ; Claudette M. St Croix ; Bruce R. Pitt = 479
• 1. Introduction = 479
• 2. Molecular Fundamentals of Zinc Homeostasis = 480
• 3. Zinc as a Signaling Molecule in Lung = 481
• 4. Zinc Toxicity in Lung = 484
• 5. Zinc as a Therapeutic Agent = 485
• 6. Interactions of Zinc and Other Metals = 485
• 7. Summary = 486
• References = 486
• 25 Antioxidant Defenses in the Lung / Albert van der Vliet = 489
• 1. Introduction = 489
• 2. Exogenous and Endogenous ROS Production in the Lung = 490
• 3. Antioxidant Defenses in the Lung = 492
• 4. Summary and Final Conclusions = 499
• Acknowledgment = 500
• References = 500
• Section �� Physical and Immunological Defenses of the Respiratory Tract / Gary R. Burleson ; Richard B. Schlesinger
• 26 Comparative Defense Capability of the Respiratory System : Introduction and Section Overview / Gary R. Burleson ; Richard B. Schlesinger = 511
• References = 512
• 27 Deposition of Particles / James S. Brown = 513
• 1. Introduction = 513
• 2. Particle Deposition = 518
• 3. Disclaimer = 533
• References = 533
• 28 Deposition of Inhaled Gases and Vapors / John B. Morris = 537
• 1. Introduction = 537
• 2. Reactive Inorganic Gases = 551
• 3. Acetone = 551
• 4. Ester Vapor = 557
• 5. Nonreactive Organic Vapors = 557
• 6. Reactive Organic Vapors = 558
• 7. Acetaldehyde = 558
• 8. Conclusions = 559
• References = 559
• 29 Mucociliary Function / W. Michael Foster = 561
• 1. Introduction = 561
• 2. Epithelial Membrane Lining = 561
• 3. Cilium Structure = 562
• 4. Ciliary Homeostasis = 564
• 5. Airway Secretions = 564
• 6. Airway Mucus Transport = 567
• 7. Biologic Control Factors = 568
• 8. Cough Clearance of Airway Mucus = 569
• 9. Mucociliary Clearance and Airway Toxicology = 570
• 10. Integrity of the Epithelial Barrier = 572
• 11. Conclusions = 573
• References = 574
• 30 Pulmonary Immunology of Infectious Disease / Gary R. Burleson ; Stefanie C.M. Burleson ; Florence G. Burleson = 581
• 1. Introduction = 581
• 2. Pulmonary Immunological Mediators : Soluble Immune Messengers = 582
• 3. Pulmonary Innate Immunity = 584
• 4. Pulmonary Antigen Presentation : A Gateway to Adaptive Immunity = 588
• 5. Pulmonary Adaptive Immunity = 589
• 6. Alterations in Pulmonary Immunological Responses = 593
• 7. Comparative Pulmonary Immunology = 594
• References = 596
• 31 The Effect of Particle Deposition on Immunological Response as Measured by Cytokine Production / Madhuri Singal = 601
• 1. The Respiratory System and Particulate Exposure = 601
• 2. Structure and Function of Normal Respiratory Defenses = 604
• 3. Inflammation in the Lung = 605
• 4. Particle Deposition Kinetics = 607
• 5. Particulate-Induced Inflammatory Injury in the Lung = 608
• 6. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen-Dependent Mechanisms of Pulmonary Injury��Inflammation = 609
• 7. Pulmonary Tissue Repair Mechanisms = 611
• 8. Model Systems for the Study of Particulate-Induced Pulmonary Injury and Inflammation = 611
• 9. Studying Particulate-Induced Inflammation in In Vitro Systems = 612
• 10. Role of Type��Epithelial Cells in Pulmonary Inflammation = 614
• 11. Age-Related Immunological Responses to Particulate Inhalation Exposure = 614
• 12. Conclusions = 614
• 13. Future Directions for Particle and Allergen Inflammation Research = 616
• References = 617
• 32 Pulmonary Macrophages / Debra L. Laskin ; Rama Malaviya ; Jeffrey D. Laskin = 629
• 1. Macrophages and Innate Immunity = 629
• 2. Regulation of Pulmonary Macrophage Activity in the Normal Lung = 630
• 3. Pulmonary Macrophage Receptors = 630
• 4. Pulmonary Macrophage Subpopulations = 634
• 5. Origin of Pulmonary Macrophages = 641
• 6. Conclusions = 642
• Acknowledgments = 642
• References = 642
• 33 Pulmonary Dendritic Cells / Donald N. Cook ; Hideki Nakano = 651
• 1. Overview of Dendritic Cells = 651
• 2. DC Subsets in the Lung = 652
• 3. DC Development = 654
• 4. DC Activation = 655
• 5. DC Trafficking = 657
• 6. DC-Mediated Induction of T Helper Cell Differentiation = 657
• 7. Activation of Memory T Cells during Antigen Challenge = 658
• 8. Interaction of DCs with Other Cell Types = 659
• 9. Summary and Future Directions = 660
• References = 660
• 34 Pulmonary Mast Cells / Pranita Katwa ; Jared M. Brown = 665
• 1. Introduction = 665
• 2. Mast Cell Characterization = 665
• 3. Mast Cells in Lung Immunology = 666
• 4. Mast Cells and Pulmonary Disease = 671
• 5. Mast Cells and Immunotoxicology = 673
• 6. Mast Cell Therapeutics = 676
• References = 677
• 35 The Immune Basis of Allergic Lung Disease / Stefanie C.M. Burleson ; Robert B. Fick ; Mark D. Mannie ; Stephen G. Olmstead ; Michael R. Van Scott = 683
• 1. Introduction = 683
• 2. Pathophysiology of Allergic Asthma = 685
• 3. The Immune Basis of Asthma = 690
• 4. The Environment and Epigenetic Modulation of Immunity = 701
• 5. Aging and Pulmonary Immune Responses = 702
• 6. Animal Models of Human Asthma = 704
• 7. Conclusion = 711
• References = 711
• 36 Role of Genetic Factors in Pulmonary Disease Susceptibility / Berran Yucesoy ; Victor J. Johnson ; Michael I. Luster = 721
• 1. Introduction = 721
• 2. SNP Disease Associations = 721
• 3. Gene-Environment Interactions = 722
• 4. Genetic Susceptibility and Gene-Environment Interactions in Pulmonary Diseases = 722
• 5. Conclusions = 728
• Disclaimer = 728
• References = 728
• Appendices = 731
• Index = 799