Sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy was used to investigate the surface molecular structure of binary mixtures of water and alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and propanol) at the air/liquid interface. In this study it is shown that the sum-fre...
Sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy was used to investigate the surface molecular structure of binary mixtures of water and alcohol (methanol, ethanol, and propanol) at the air/liquid interface. In this study it is shown that the sum-frequency signal from the alcohol molecules in the CH-stretch vibration region is always larger for mixtures than that from pure alcohol. For example, the sum-frequency signal from a propanol mixture surface at 0.1 bulk mole fraction was ~3 times larger than that from a pure propanol surface. However, the ratio between the sum-frequency signals taken at different polarization combinations was found to be constant within experimental errors as the bulk alcohol concentration was changed. This suggested that the orientation of surface alcohol molecules does not vary appreciably with the change of concentration, and that the origin of the signal enhancement is mainly due to the increase in the surface number density of alcohol molecules contributing to the sum-frequency signal for the alcohol/water mixture as compared to the pure alcohol surface.
Sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy was applied to investigate the surface of the homolog series of alcohols from methanol to octanol. It was found that the SFG signal strengths from the terminal methyl group of short-chain alcohols (like methanol and ethanol) cannot be explained by assuming surface molecules were fixed in time. Introduction of the molecular orientational motion having time scale similar to or smaller than the dephasing time of the vibrational mode of the terminal methyl group (~0.7 picosecond) was able to explain the reduction of the SFG signal by motional averaging effect. This timescale of motion increased with the increased molecular size and bulk viscosity.
Surface of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM]BF4)+water mixture is investigated using surface tension measurement and sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. The liquid surface is mostly covered by the [BMIM]+ cations at very low bulk concentration. An unusual increase in surface tension from mole fraction c≒0.016 up to ≒0.05 suggested that the BF4- anions start to appear at the surface from c≒0.016 until the anions and cations are equally populated at c≒0.05 or higher. From the analysis of the spectra, the terminal methyl group of the butyl chain in the cation is polar-oriented with its symmetry axis aligning rather vertical to the surface for the whole range of concentration.