사찰에서 꽃핀 조선조 최초 사학(私學) 소수서원 = Sosu Seowon, the first private school of the Joseon Dynasty to bloom at a temple

국문 초록 (Abstract)

서원(書院)이란 본래 선현을 제향하는 기능과 후진을 교육하는 제(齋)1)가 결합하여 발생한 지방 민간사립 중등교육 기관이다. 우리나라에서는 16세기에 성립하여 17세기에 전국적으로 발달하였다. 조선왕조는 건국부터 숭유정책(崇儒政策)을 국시(國是)로 내세워 중앙에는 성균관(成均館)과 사학(四學), 지방에는 향교(鄕校)를 교육체제로 구축하여 관학(官學)을 크게 장려하였다. 이와 별도의 개인 사숙교육으로 서당이 있다.
향교와 서원이 조선의 멸망과 함께 유명무실된 반면 서당은 가장 오랫동안 존재한 교육기관이다. 1543년 백운동서원을 시작으로 지방에서 서원이 설립되면서 서원은 관학을 능가할 정도로 유생들에게 인기있는 교육기관이 되었다. 그리고 17세기 중반 이후에는 서원에서 성장한 사림들이 중앙으로 진출하여 정당을 이루어 붕당정치를 이끌어나가는 중심세력으로 활동함으로써 서원은 조선 후기 사회의 이데올로기를 뒷받침하는 사상적 근거지로서 역할을 하였다.
한편 서원의 자리로서 절터 또는 퇴락한 사찰 부자재를 이용하는 경우도 있었다. 이들 장소는 경관이 뛰어나기 때문에 서원이 들어서기에 좋은 여건이 된다. 그 사례를 살펴보면 소수서원, 옥산서원, 노강서원, 임고서원, 청성서원, 도봉서원 등은 그러한 곳이었다. 사찰에서 서원으로의 전이는 문화의 교체에 따른 공간 점유의 계승이라는 측면도 있겠으나 새 질서의 수립이라는 정책적 측면에서 기존의 질서파괴라는 정치적 의도가 있었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Seowon is a local private secondary education institution originally developed in the 16th century and nationwide in the 17th century, which was established in Korea by combining the functions of worshiping Seonhyeon with the ancestral rites. The Joseon Dynasty promoted the policy of Soongyu from the founding of the Joseon Dynasty, which greatly encouraged government education by establishing Sungkyunkwan and Sahak in the center and Hyanggyo in the provinces. There is a seodang as a separate private education.
While Hyanggyo and Seodang became famous with the fall of Joseon, Seodang is the longest-standing educational institution. Starting with Baekdongseowon Confucian Academy in 1543, the Confucian Academy became a popular educational institution for Confucian scholars to surpass government studies. After the mid-17th century, the Confucian scholars who grew up in the Confucian Academy entered the center and formed a political party to act as a central force leading the Bungdang politics, serving as an ideological base to support the ideology of society in the late Joseon Dynasty.
While Seowon in the 16th century did not completely turn a blind eye to past examination studies, after the defeat of the Byeongja Manchu in 1636, Seowon reached its development period as an educational institution that confronts the government of the subordinate state. In addition, the Seowon has increased its role and influence in society by recognizing relative schools and relative parties in forming schools based on academic research and discussing public opinion.
In some cases, a temple site or a temple that has been abandoned may be used as a seat for a Confucian academy. These places also have excellent scenery, making it a good condition for a seowon to beowon. Sousoseowon Confucian Academy, Oksanseowon Confucian Academy, Nogangseowon Confucian Academy, Imgoseowon Confucian Academy, and Cheongseongseowon Confucian Academy were such places. Although the transfer from temple to seowon may be an inheritance of space ownership due to the change of culture, it was intended in terms of policy to establish a new order.
Sosuseowon Confucian Academy is a recognized educational institution that has greatly influenced the establishment and operation of other Confucian academies. This includes the establishment and development of Sosuseowon Confucian Academy, which not only serves as a place for the performance of local Confucian scholars and educational functions, but also plays a central role in political and social activities.
Before receiving the sap, Baekdongseowon was not well received by Punggi people. This was because although Seowon was established in Punggi, educational opportunities were open to Confucian scholars from all walks of life in Gyeongsang-do. Afterwards, Punggi's people actively participated in the Confucian academy as they received private money and established the status of private schools recognized by the government.
As Sososeowon Confucian Academy was established as a political and social organization of the local community, it was established and operated throughout the country to develop into a central institution of Joseon history.