美國外交政策의 決定要素 : 孤立主義와 國際主義 = Determinants of American Foreign Policy

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

British statesman, Lord Lothian, once underscored the ambivalence at the core of American international attitudes in the aftermath of the First World War. That is to say the U.S. wants on the one hand to prevent war, and on the other to retain the right to be neutral in the event of war and to assume no obligations for maintaining world peace. While pursuing a more stable world order primarily via economic diplomacy, the U.S. avoided any substantial collaboration with foreign powers in the mechanisms of international peace-keeping.
Therefore American thought has oscillated between isolationism and internationalism, though, since the end of the Second World War, the realities of interdependence have predominated. Both of the American foreign policy orientations are products of American historical and geographical realities.
In early attempts to delineate the roots of isolationism, some scholars asserted that the insularity, economic-sufficiency, and cultural make-up of the America might account for such a peculiar foreign policy orientations.
The idea of isolationism is as follows; ① non-entanglement in the political controversies of Europe and Asia, ② non-intervention in wars of those continents, ③ neutrality, peace, defence for the U.S. through measures appropriate to those purposes, and ④ the pursuit of a foreign policy friendly to all nations disposed to reciprocate.
From George Washington's Farewell Address through Monroe Doctrine and the irreconcilable manifestos of the years after the Treaty of Versailles, influential U.S. leadership gave voice to isolationist aspirations, even as the nation never quite fulfilled them.
The isolationists clung to a vision of their country in which the distinctive American heritage stood at risk. They feared an eclipse of political and economic liberty and democracy, if the U.S. failed to separate its own interests and values from forces already threatening freedom and stability worldwide. The desirability and necessity of detaching the U.S. from vicissitudes of Europe have been expressed in American foreign policy strongly since the independence for nearly 125 years.
Internationalists envision as normal a global international order based on democracy, free commerce, and international law. They have two purposes; one is to maintain peace and stability, the other is to make the world safe for democracy.
They want America's values impose on it an obligation to crusade for them around the world. They thought the U.S. government possessed the world's best system of government, and the rest of mankind could attain peace and prosperity by abandoning traditional diplomacy and adopting America's reverence for international law and democracy.
Woodrow Wilson, the apostle of internationalism, told the Europeans in his Fourteen Points that the international system should be based not on the balance of power but on ethnic self-determination, that their security should depend not on military alliances but on collective security, and that their diplomacy should no longer be conducted secretly by experts but on the basis of "open agreements, openly arrived at."
An activist foreign policy can create, either through balance of power manipulations or through pursuit of Utopian schemes, a world order that is more congenial to American security, interests or values. Especially following the end of W.W.Ⅱ, the cold war internationalists saw an expansionistic Soviet communism that American needed to contain, principally through the use of powers - this was the belief system that was the foundations of the cold war consensus.
Post cold war internationalists perceived much more a complex international system. They played down the East-West axis as well as the use of force in the quest to promote a stable and just world order, and to make the world safe for democracy. They try to collaborate with other countries for maintaining international peace and security through the international organizations like UN, and also they make efforts to eliminate the economic barriers among nations for free commerce by way of multilateral organizations like WTO.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 서론
• Ⅱ. 孤立主義
• 1. 개념과 이념
• 2. 고립주의 定策
• Ⅲ. 國際主義
• 1. 개념과 이념
• 2. 國際主義政策
• Ⅳ. 결론