Avian species distribution along elevation at Doon Valley (foot hills of western Himalayas), Uttarakhand, and its association with vegetation structure

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

We assessed a diverse avian population during February 2013 to February 2014 at Doon Valley forest.

During the study period we recorded a total of 218 species (18,982 individuals) belonging to 50 families using line transect along with the fixed radius point count method in the study area. Avian species diversity, richness, and abundance showed a hump-shaped distribution pattern in the study range (325 e2300 m above sea level). The association of vegetation structure with avian community illustrates the significantly positive correlation with shrub diversity and density/ha along the elevation. The presence of new records (habitat area extension), endangered species, and two near-threatened species concerns the conservation of birds and forest habitat in this area.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Colwell RK., "stimates: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 7.5.2"

2 Karr JA., "Within and between habitat avian diversity in Africa and Neotropical lowland habitats" 46 : 457-481, 1976

3 Holmes RT., "Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest : importance of habitat change" 118 : 589-609, 2001

4 Rahbek C., "The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale speciesrichness patterns" 8 : 224-239, 2005

5 Colwell RK., "The mid-domain effect : geometric constraints on the geography of species richness" 15 : 70-76, 2000

6 Shannon CE., "The mathematical theory of communication" University of Illinois Press 1949

7 Rahbek C., "The elevation gradient of species richness : a uniform pattern?" 18 (18): 200-205, 1995

8 McCoy ED., "The distribution of insects along elevation gradients" 58 : 313-332, 1990

9 Kessler M., "Species richness and endemism of plant and bird communities along two gradients of elevation, humidity and land use in the Bolivian Andes" 7 : 61-77, 2001

10 Shiu HJ., "Seasonal variation in bird species richness along elevation gradients in Taiwan" 14 : 1-12, 2003

11 Walton HJ., "Notes on birds collected in Kumaun" 69 : 155-168, 1900

12 IUCN., "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013. 1. Electronic database accessible at, http : //www. iucnredlist"

13 Wiens JA., "Habitat associations and community structure of birds in shrub steppe environments" 51 : 21-41, 1981

14 McCain CM., "Global analysis of bird elevation diversity" 18 : 346-360, 2009

15 Acharya BK., "Elevational gradients in bird diversity in the Eastern Himalaya : an evaluation of distribution patterns and their underlying mechanisms" 6 : e29097-, 2011

16 Wilson MW., "Effects of growth stage and tree species composition on breeding bird assemblages of plantation forests" 53 : 225-236, 2006

17 Margalef R., "Diversidad de species en las comunidales natures" 9 : 5-27, 1951

18 Waterhouse FL., "Distribution and abundance of birds relative to elevation and biogeoclimatic zones in coastal old e growth forests in southern British Columbia" 2 : 1-13, 2002

19 Bhatt D., "Distribution and abundance of avifauna in relation to elevation and habitat types in Nainital district(Western Himalaya)of Uttarakhand state. India" 57 : 318-329, 2011

20 Cueto VR., "Determinants of bird species richness : role of climate and vegetation structure at a regional scale" 26 : 487-492, 1999

21 Cody ML., "Competition and the structure of bird communities. Monographs in population biology" Princeton University Press 326-, 1974

22 Grimmett R., "Birds of the Indian subcontinent. 2nd ed" Oxford University Press 2011

23 Singh AP., "Birds of lower Garhwal Himalayas : Dehradu Valley and neighboring hills" 16 : 101-123, 2000

24 Mohan D., "Birds of New Forest, Dehra Dun, India" 12 : 19-30, 1997

25 Pandey S., "Birds of National Park, India" 10 : 105-114, 1994

26 Mohan D., "Birds of Mussoorie" 32 : 4-5, 1992

27 Osmaston BB., "Birds of Dehra Dun and adjacent hills. Indian Military Academy Tour" Natraj Publisher. Supplement 1935

28 Bibby CJ., "Birds census techniques" Academic Press 2000

29 Terborgh J., "Bird species diversity on an Andean elevation gradient" 58 : 1007-1019, 1977

30 Fuller RJ., "Bird life of woodland and forest" Cambridge University Press 1995

31 Batten L., "Bird communities of some Killarney woodlands" 76B : 258-301, 1976

32 Brown JH., "Biogeography" Mosby 1983

33 Kattan GH., "Biodiversity along elevation gradients in the Andes of Colombia : area and mass effects" 13 : 541-548, 2004

34 Joshi KK., "Avian species distribution in three different elevational zone forests(sal, pine mixed and oak)in Nainital District(Western Himalaya)of Uttarakhand" 44 : 71-79, 2013

35 Joshi KK., "Avian species distribution in pine forest and urban habitat of Almora, Uttarakhand" 18 : 16-21, 2009

36 Able KP., "Avian community structure along elevation gradients in the Northeastern United States" 26 : 275-294, 1976

37 Bhattacharya T., "An ornithological survey of Chenab Valley, Chamoli district, Uttaranchal, including notes on pheasants" 3 : 138-145, 2007

38 Wu FXJY., "Additive diversity partitioning as a guide to regional montane reserve design in Asia an example from Yunnan province, China" 16 : 1022-1033, 2010

39 Kazmierczak K., "A field guide to the birds of India" OM Book Service 2012