RowAMD Distance: A Novel 2DPCA-Based Distance Computation with Texture-Based Technique for Face Recognition = RowAMD Distance: A Novel 2DPCA-Based Distance Computation with Texture-Based Technique for Face Recognition

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Although two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) has been shown to be successful in face recognition system, it is still very sensitive to illumination variations. To reduce the effect of these variations, texture-based techniques are used due to their robustness to these variations. In this paper, we explore several texture-based techniques and determine the most appropriate one to be used with 2DPCA-based techniques for face recognition. We also propose a new distance metric computation in 2DPCA called Row Assembled Matrix Distance (RowAMD). Experiments on Yale Face Database, Extended Yale Face Database B, AR Database and LFW Database reveal that the proposed RowAMD distance computation method outperforms other conventional distance metrics when Local Line Binary Pattern (LLBP) and Multi-scale Block Local Binary Pattern (MB-LBP) are used for face authentication and face identification, respectively. In addition to this, the results also demonstrate the robustness of the proposed RowAMD with several texture-based techniques.

참고문헌 (Reference)

1 Meng, J., "Volume Measure in 2DPCA-Based Face Recognition" 28 (28): 1203-1208, 2007

2 Yang, J., "Two-dimensional PCA: A New Approach To Appearance-Based Face Representation and Recognition" 26 (26): 131-137, 2004

3 Phillips, P.J., "The Feret Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms" 16 (16): 295-306, 1998

4 Al-Arashi, W., "Row-KNN Distance Computation in 2DPCA Based for Face Recognition" 5 (5): 139-145, 2013

5 Barnouti, N. H., "Real-Time Face Detection and Recognition using Principal Component Analysis (PCA)- back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and Radial Basis Function (RBF)" 91 (91): 28-34, 2016

6 g, Y., "RASL: Robust Alignment by Sparse and Low-Rank Decomposition for Linearly Correlated Images" 34 (34): 2233-2246, 2012

7 Martínez, A. M., "PCA Versus LDA" 23 (23): 228-233, 2001

8 Liwei, W., "On The Euclidean Distance of Images" 27 (27): 1334-1339, 2005

9 Meyer, C., "Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra, Vol. 2" Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics 2000

10 MRTD, "Machine-readable travel documents (MRTD)"

11 Sirovich, L., "Low-dimensional procedure for the characterization of human faces" 4 (4): 519-524, 1987

12 Kim, T. K., "Locally Linear Discriminant Analysis for Multimodally Distributed Classes for Face Recognition with A Single Model Image" 27 (27): 318-327, 2005

13 Jabid, T., "Local Directional Pattern (LDP) for Face Recognition" 329-330, 2010

14 Zhang, B., "Local Derivative Pattern Versus Local Binary Pattern: Face Recognition with High-order Local Pattern Descriptor" 19 (19): 533-544, 2010

15 Heusch, G., "Lighting Normalization Algorithms for Face Verification" 3 : 2005

16 Liao, S., "Learning Multi-scale Block Local Binary Patterns for Face Recognition" 4642 : 828-837, 2007

17 Huang, G. B., "Labeled Faces in The Wild: A Database for Studying Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments" University of Massachusetts 07-49, 2007

18 Shao, M., "Joint Features for Face Recognition Under Variable Illuminations" IEEE Computer Society 922-927, 2009

19 Junding, S, "Image Retrieval Based On An Improved CS-LBP Descriptor" 115-117, 2010

20 Mian, A., "Illumination Invariant Recognition and 3D Reconstruction of Faces Using Desktop Optics" 19 (19): 7491-7506, 2011

21 Bozorgtaber, B., "Illumination Invariant Face Recognition using Fuzzy lda and ffnn" 3 (3): 45-50, 2012

22 Meng, H., "Further Research on Principal Component Analysis Method of Face Recognition" 421-425, 2008

23 Georghiades, A. S., "From Few to Many: Illumination Cone Models for Face Recognition under Variable Lighting and Pose" 23 (23): 643-660, 2001

24 Zhao, W., "Face recognition: A Literature Survey" 35 (35): 399-458, 2003

25 Turk, M. A., "Face recognition using eigenfaces" IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition 586-591, 1991

26 Wang, Y., "Face Relighting From A Single Image Under Arbitrary Unknown Lighting Conditions" 31 (31): 1968-1984, 2009

27 Moses, Y., "Face Recognition: The Problem of Compensating for Changes in Illumination Direction" Springer 286-296, 1994

28 Petpon, A., "Face Recognition with Local Line Binary Pattern" IEEE Computer Society 533-539, 2009

29 Wiskott, L., "Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching" Springer 456-463, 1997

30 Koerich, A., "Face Recognition Using Selected 2DPCA Coefficients" 490-494, 2010

31 O’Toole, A. J., "Face Recognition Algorithms Surpass Humans Matching Faces Over Changes in Illumination" 29 (29): 1642-1646, 2007

32 Zhao, W., "Face Processing: Advanced Modeling and Methods" Academic Press 2006

33 Jin, H., "Face Detection using Improved LBP Under Bayesian Framework" IEEE Computer Society 306-309, 2004

34 Tan, X., "Enhanced Local Texture Feature Sets for Face Recognition Under Difficult Lighting Conditions" 19 (19): 1635-1650, 2010

35 Zhang, D., "Diagonal Principal Component Analysis for Face Recognition" 39 (39): 140-142, 2006

36 Heikkilä, M., "Description of Interest Regions with Local Binary Patterns" 42 (42): 425-436, 2009

37 Moon, H., "Computational and Performance Aspects of PCA-Based Face-Recognition Algorithms" 30 (30): 303-322, 2001

38 Anbang, X., "Complete two-dimensional PCA for face recognition" 3 : 481-484, 2006

39 Xu, Z., "Boosting for learning a similarity measure in 2DPCA based face recognition" IEEE 7 : 130-134, 2009

40 Heitmeyer, R., "Biometric Identification Promises Fast and Secure processing of Airline Passengers" 55 (55): 10-11, 2000

41 Tjahyadi, R., "Automatic Parameter Selection for Eigenfaces" 2 (2): 277-288, 2006

42 Draper, B. A., "Analyzing PCA-Based Face Recognition Algorithms: Eigenvector Selection and Distance Measures" 2002

43 Xiaosheng, W., "An Effective Texture Spectrum Descriptor" 2 : 361-364, 2009

44 Zuo, W., "An Assembled Matrix Distance Metric for 2DPCA-Based Image Recognition" 27 (27): 210-216, 2006

45 Zeng, Y., "An Algorithm of Face Recognition Based on The Variation of 2DPCA" 7 (7): 303-310, 2010

46 Lee, K. C., "Acquiring Linear Subspaces for Face Recognition under Variable Lighting" 27 (27): 684-698, 2005

47 Ojala, T., "A Comparative Study of Texture Measures with Classification Based On Featured Distributions" 29 (29): 51-59, 1996